PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene							Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene							Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene							Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene									2.58
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene									3.6
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene							Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian											Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5			Middle Miocene							Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian											Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene									15.98
													Hemingfordian		16.3
													Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4			Late Oligocene									23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene									27.82
													Whitneyan		29.5
													Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Late Eocene							Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene							Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene							Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene							Bridgerian		47.8
													Wasatchian		50.5
													Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Late Paleocene							Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian				Late Paleocene							Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene							Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene							Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian				Early Paleocene							Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian				Early Paleocene							Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8									Lancian/Edmontonian		Senonian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7									Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6												83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4											Gallic	100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3												113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2												121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2											Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1												132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6												145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5												149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4												165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites											168.2
		Bajocian			Humphresianum										168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense										174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4				208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Ashgill			Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Caradoc			Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan		451.5 *
									Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4								453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
									Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
									Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenig			Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Fennian			470
									Whitlandian			471.1 *
									Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Tremadoc			Migneintian			477.7
					Cressagian	Tremadoc			480.8 *
									485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	497
		Guzhangian		Arcadian					498.4
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	Branchian					509
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Branchian					514
		Stage 3		Placentian					517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
															538.8