PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128360 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cambrian of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Devonian of Eastern North America				Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6															0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene									0.129
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene									0.774
		Gelasian							Early Pleistocene									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †				Late Pliocene									2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean							Early Pliocene									3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian							Late Miocene									7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5						Middle Miocene									11.63
		Langhian							Middle Miocene									13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene									15.98
		Aquitanian							Early Miocene									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4						Late Oligocene									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4						Early Oligocene									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3						Late Eocene									33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3						Middle Eocene									37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2						Middle Eocene									41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2						Early Eocene									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1						Late Paleocene									56
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene									59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Lancian/Edmontonian														66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Judithian/Aquilan														72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6															83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4															100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3															113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2															121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2															125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1															132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6															145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5															149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4															165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4															168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3															174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2															184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1															192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4															201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4															208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1													Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1													Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4															251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †										Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian														Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian														Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3													Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2															273.01
		Artinskian																283.5
		Sakmarian																290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1															293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5														Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7										Mapingian †
		Kasimovian						305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1								407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								Kosovian	443.8
		Katian									Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian			Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
				Zahorany †/Vinice					Letna †		456.2 *
				Liben †								458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3									458.4
					Dobrotivian							458.5 *
					Oretanian							459.7 *
				Sarka †								461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2	Klabava †								467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Datsonian								Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
				Payntonian									Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	486.8 *
				Payntonian									Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian		Iverian									Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian		Iverian									Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian		Idamean									Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Series 3 †								Mindyallan	St Davids		497
		Guzhangian										Boomerangian			499
		Drumian										Undillan			500.5
		Drumian										Floran			503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Stage 5 †						Templetonian			504.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †						Ordian			507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4										Ordian	Caerfai		509
		Stage 4													510.8 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1												529
																		538.8