PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127308 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Russian Platform		Silurian of England		Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of France	Obsolete Names for ICS Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6											Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene									Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene									Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian												Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene								Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene										3.6
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene									Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian												Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5		Middle Miocene									Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian												Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene										15.98
														Hemingfordian	16.3
														Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4		Late Oligocene										23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene										27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Late Eocene									Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene									Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene									Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2											Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene									Bridgerian	47.8
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Late Paleocene									Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene									Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene									Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene									Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene									Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene									Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Lancian/Edmontonian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Judithian/Aquilan						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4							Late Albian					100.5
										Middle Albian					106.2 *
										Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3							Late Aptian					113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3							Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2							Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian					139.8
										Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
										Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5							Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian		174.7
						Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
						Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian				Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			Longobardian		237
		Ladinian				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					251.902
		Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian						Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3					Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
									Filipovian		276.5 *
									Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian						Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
									Irginian		285.9 *
									Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian						Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian			Tastubian			Sakmarian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Permian 1		Asselian			Shikhanian	293.52
				Uskalykian				294.8
				Surenian				297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Pragian						Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine			419.2
	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton			421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5						445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						Series 3 †			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4									500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3									509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
															538.8