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Epitonium

Gastropoda - Epitoniidae

Taxonomy
Epitonium was named by Bolten (1798) [Sepkoski's age data: T Mi-u-l R]. It is extant.

It was assigned to Scalariidae by Nagao (1928); to Epitoniinae by Dockery (1993); to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Epitoniidae by Durham (1937), Durham (1944), Harris and Palmer (1947), Gardner (1948), Rivera (1957), MacNeil (1960), Addicott (1970), Ladd (1972), Hickman (1980), Ladd (1982), Moore (1984), Ward and Blackwelder (1987), Squires and Demetrion (1992), Wilson (1993), Frassinetti and Covacevich (1995), Todd (2001), Wienrich (2001), Harzhauser (2002) and Nielson and Valdovinos (2008).

Species
E. (Acrilla), E. (Arctoscala), E. (Asperiscala), E. (Bifidoscala), E. (Cinctiscala), E. (Coniscala), E. (Crisposcala), E. (Cycloscala), E. (Epitonium), E. (Glabriscala), E. (Gyroscala), E. (Hirtoscala), E. (Hyaloscala), E. (Minutiscala), E. (Nitidiscala), E. (Papyriscala), E. (Parviscala), E. (Pictoscala), E. (Scala), E. (Striatascala), E. alaquaense, E. albidum, E. angulatum, E. candeanum (syn. E. antillarum), E. chancellorensis, E. charlestonensis, E. clallamense, E. clathratulum, E. cookii, E. cribrum, E. dubiosum, E. echinaticosta, E. faearium, E. foliaceum, E. frondiculum, E. frondosum, E. georgettinum, E. greenlandicum, E. hospitum, E. humphreysii (syn. Scala sayana), E. kostejanum, E. latefasciatum, E. leai, E. multistriatum, E. paytense, E. peruvianum, E. philippinarum, E. rupicola, E. sandwichense, E. sohli, E. stellanum, E. submaculosum, E. tabulatum, E. tollini, E. trevelyana
Species lacking formal opinion data
E. charitopolos, E. emydoneus, E. expectatum, E. foliaceicostatum, E. foliaceicostum, E. foliaceicostum, E. foliaceicostum, E. foliaceiscostatum, E. gabbi, E. groenlandica, E. humphreysi, E. imperiale, E. krebsii, E. leroyi, E. multiliniferum, E. muricatum, E. novangliae, E. paytens, E. replicata, E. rushii, E. sculptatum, E. sericifilum, E. suboptima, E. venezuelense

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1798Epitonium Bolten
1928Epitonium Nagao p. 91
1937Epitonium Durham p. 485
1944Epitonium Durham p. 156
1947Epitonium Harris and Palmer p. 236
1948Epitonium Gardner p. 169
1957Epitonium Rivera p. 173
1960Epitonium MacNeil p. 44
1970Epitonium Addicott p. 54
1972Epitonium Ladd p. 51
1980Epitonium Hickman p. 26
1982Epitonium Ladd p. 33
1984Epitonium Moore p. 10
1987Epitonium Ward and Blackwelder p. 131
1992Epitonium Squires and Demetrion p. 30
1993Epitonium Dockery p. 84
1993Epitonium Wilson p. 275
1995Epitonium Frassinetti and Covacevich p. 56
2001Epitonium Todd
2001Epitonium Wienrich p. 454
2002Epitonium Harzhauser p. 93
2002Epitonium Sepkoski
2008Epitonium Nielson and Valdovinos p. 207

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Spiralia
superphylumLophotrochozoa
RankNameAuthor
phylumMollusca
classGastropoda
subclassCaenogastropoda(Cox 1959)
superfamilyEpitonioidea(Berry 1910)
familyEpitoniidaeBerry 1910
genusEpitoniumBolten 1798

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Epitonium Bolten 1798
show all | hide all
Subg. Epitonium (Acrilla) Adams and Adams 1860
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†Acrilla affinis Deshayes 1861
†Acrilla procerus Zinsmeister 1983
†Acrilla unilineata Heilprin 1880
†Amaea (Acrilla) affinis Deshayes 1861
†Amaea (Acrilla) gallica de Boury 1887
†Amaea (Acrilla) issawii Abbass 1967
†Amaea (Acrilla) niloatica Oppenheim 1906
Subg. †Epitonium (Arctoscala) Dall 1909
Subg. Epitonium (Asperiscala) de Boury 1909
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†Asperiscala hemphilli Dall 1878
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Invalid names: Epitonium cedrosensis Knight and Hertlein 1926 [synonym], Epitonium clarki Oldroyd 1921 [synonym], Epitonium dallasi Jordan and Herltein 1926 [synonym]
Subg. †Epitonium (Bifidoscala) Cossmann 1888
Subg. Epitonium (Cinctiscala) de Boury 1909
Subg. †Epitonium (Coniscala) de Boury 1887
Subg. Epitonium (Cycloscala) Dall 1889
+
Subg. Epitonium (Glabriscala) De Boury 1909
Subg. Epitonium (Gyroscala) de Boury 1887
+
†Epitonium (Gyroscala) lycocephalum Kensley and Pether 1986
†Gyroscala punjabensis Eames 1952
Subg. Epitonium (Hirtoscala) Monterosato 1890
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Hirtoscala caamanoi Dall and Bartsch 1910
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Invalid names: Epitonium densiclathratum Dall 1917 [synonym]
+
Invalid names: Epitonium (Nitidoscala) tabulatum Dall 1917 [synonym], Epitonium regum Dall 1917 [synonym]
Hirtoscala hindsii Carpenter 1856
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Invalid names: Epitonium (Nitidiscala) contrerasi Jordan and Hertlein 1926 [synonym], Epitonium (Nitidiscala) cooperi Strong 1930 [synonym], Epitonium (Nitidiscala) fallaciosum Dall 1917 [synonym], Epitonium (Nitidiscala) persuturum Dall 1917 [synonym]
Hirtoscala indianorum Carpenter 1864
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Invalid names: Epitonium (Crisposcala) acrostephanum Dall 1908 [synonym], Scala berryi Dall 1907 [synonym], Scala rectilaminata Dall 1907 [synonym]
Hirtoscala tincta Carpenter 1864
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Invalid names: Epitonium (Nitidiscala) eelense Durham 1937 [synonym], Epitonium (Nitidiscala) tinctum bormanni Strong 1941 [synonym], Epitonium (Nitidoscala) continuatum Oldroyd 1925 [synonym], Epitonium (Nitidoscala) subcoronatum Carpenter 1864 [synonym], Epitonium continuatum Oldroyd 1925 [synonym]
Subg. Epitonium (Hyaloscala) De Boury 1890
Subg. Epitonium (Minutiscala) de Boury 1909
Subg. Epitonium (Nitidiscala) de Boury 1909
+
+
Invalid names: Epitonium diegense Dall 1917 [synonym], Epitonium orcuttianum Dall 1917 [synonym]
Nitidiscala indianorum Carpenter 1864
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Invalid names: Epitonium columbianum Dall 1917 [synonym], Epitonium montereyense Dall 1917 [synonym]
Subg. Epitonium (Papyriscala) de Boury 1909
Subg. Epitonium (Parviscala) de Boury 1887
Subg. †Epitonium (Scala) Humphrey
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Subg. Scala (Fuscoscala) Monterosato 1890
Subg. Scala (Spiniscala) De Boury 1909
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†Epitonium (Spiniscala) loripanum Pilsbry and Olsson 1941
†Spiniscala alidotum Woodring 1928
†Spiniscala etolium Woodring 1928
Subg. Scala (Subuliscala) de Boury 1909
Subg. Scala (Viciniscala) de Boury 1909
Scala crebricostata Carpenter 1863
†Scala marylandica Martin 1904
†Scala octolineata Conrad 1860
†Scala ranellina Dall 1896
†Scala sillimani Morton 1834
†Scala virginiana Clark 1895
†Epitonium alaquaense Mansfield 1935
Epitonium albidum Orbigny 1842
Epitonium candeanum d'Orbigny 1842
+
Invalid names: Epitonium antillarum de Boury 1909 [synonym]
†Epitonium charlestonensis Johnson 1931
†Epitonium clallamense Durham 1937
†Epitonium cookii Gardner 1933
†Epitonium cribrum Cooke 1926
†Epitonium dubiosum Dall 1916
Epitonium echinaticosta d'Orbigny 1842
†Epitonium faearium Dockery 1993
†Epitonium foliaceum Sowerby 1825
†Epitonium frondiculum Wood 1842
†Epitonium frondosum Sowerby 1827
†Epitonium hospitum Nagao 1928
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Invalid names: Scala sayana Dall 1889 [synonym]
†Epitonium kostejanum Boettger 1902
†Epitonium latefasciatum Sowerby 1844
†Epitonium leai Ward and Blackwelder 1987
†Epitonium paytense Olsson 1930
†Epitonium peruvianum Olsson 1928
†Epitonium philippinarum Sowerby 1844
Epitonium rupicola Kurtz 1860
†Epitonium sohli Ward and Blackwelder 1987
†Epitonium stellanum Stephenson 1953
†Epitonium submaculosum Nagao 1928
Epitonium tollini Bartsch 1938
Epitonium trevelyana Johnston 1841
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
J. W. Durham 1937Shell turreted, porcellaneous and usually rather thin; whorls loosely or closely appressed; convex; with axial varices; aperture entire, usually ovate, slightly oblique, thickened by last varix; auricle present; spiral ribs present or none; umbilicus open or closed.
Measurements
partNmeanminimummaximummedians.d.
height310.73.8018.018.08.20

Composition: aragonitef
Composition 2: low Mg calcitef
Entire body: yesg
Adult width: 10 to < 100g
Adult height: 10 to < 100g
Thickness: thing
Folds: noneg
Ribbing: minorg
Spines: noneg
Internal reinforcement: noneg
Locomotion: slow-movingf
Life habit: semi-infaunalg
Diet: carnivoref
Vision: limitedc
Comments: DIMENSIONS & MORPHOLOGY: Based on ten randomly selected figured species.g
Created: 2009-03-16 10:37:01
Modified: 2018-03-19 13:34:38
Source: g = genus, f = family, c = class
References: Kiessling 2004, Abbott and Dance 1986, Beu et al. 1990

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Albian to the top of the Holocene or 113.00000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 100.5 Ma

Collections (491 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Albian113.0 - 100.5Peru E. pongensis (88673)
Albian113.0 - 100.5Madagascar (Mahajanga) Scala franciscae, Scala odilae (86497)
Turonian93.9 - 89.8USA (Minnesota) E. sp. (1987)
Late/Upper Turonian93.5 - 89.3USA (California) E. sp. (86860)
Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian83.5 - 70.6USA (Mississippi) E. faearium (7456 32139 32142)
Late/Upper Campanian83.5 - 70.6Israel Scala sp. (80998)
Late/Upper Campanian83.5 - 70.6USA (Tennessee) Scala sillimani (88357)
Maastrichtian72.1 - 66.0USA (Texas) E. sp. (205510) Scala sp. (205408)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian70.6 - 66.0USA (Alabama) Acrilla sp. (4270)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian70.6 - 66.0Mexico (Guerrero) E. faearium (7461)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian70.6 - 66.0USA (Alabama) Scala sillimani (4189 4193)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian70.6 - 66.0Egypt (Western Desert) E. lobrosa (3140 3144 3145)
Early/Lower Paleocene66.0 - 61.7USA (Texas) E. cookii (86419) E. sp. (86406)
Danian66.0 - 61.6Denmark Acrilla elegans, Acrilla sp. 1, Acrilla sp. 2, Acrilla sp. 3, Acrilla sp. (176994)
Danian66.0 - 61.6USA (Texas) E. cookii (98804 109455) E. sp. (84468) E. sp. A (98862) E. sp. B (91893)
Danian66.0 - 61.6Greenland Coniscala sp. (22943)
Danian66.0 - 61.6Poland Coniscala johnstrupi (27625)
Danian66.0 - 61.6USA (Alabama) E. vetustum (91112)
Danian - Selandian66.0 - 59.2USA (Texas) E. sp. B (98733) E. sp. C (91825 99003)
Danian - Selandian66.0 - 59.2USA (Arkansas) E. sp. D (99175)