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Taxonomy
Caninae was named by Gill (1872). It is extant.
It was assigned to Canidae by Hay (1902), Bjork (1970), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Berta (1984), Wang et al. (1999), Sotnikova (2006), Spassov and Rook (2006), de Bonis et al. (2007), Garrido and Arribas (2008), García (2008), Wang et al. (2008), Tedford and Wang (2008), Tedford et al. (2009), Hartstone-Rose et al. (2013), Ramirez and Prevosti (2014), Wang et al. (2015), Amri et al. (2017), Jiangzuo et al. (2018), Albright et al. (2019), Bartolini Lucenti (2021), Bartolini-Lucenti and Spassov (2022), Jiangzuo et al. (2022), Valenciano et al. (2022), Ruiz-Ramoni et al. (2022), Prevosti (2023) and Fourvel and Frerebeau (2023).
It was assigned to Canidae by Hay (1902), Bjork (1970), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Berta (1984), Wang et al. (1999), Sotnikova (2006), Spassov and Rook (2006), de Bonis et al. (2007), Garrido and Arribas (2008), García (2008), Wang et al. (2008), Tedford and Wang (2008), Tedford et al. (2009), Hartstone-Rose et al. (2013), Ramirez and Prevosti (2014), Wang et al. (2015), Amri et al. (2017), Jiangzuo et al. (2018), Albright et al. (2019), Bartolini Lucenti (2021), Bartolini-Lucenti and Spassov (2022), Jiangzuo et al. (2022), Valenciano et al. (2022), Ruiz-Ramoni et al. (2022), Prevosti (2023) and Fourvel and Frerebeau (2023).
Subtaxa
Aenocyon (syn. Stereocyon), Canini, Canis (syn. Sacalius, Lyciscus, Alopedon, Vulpicanis, Pachycyon, Dieba, Oreocyon, Dasycyon, Oxygous, Macrocyon, Thos), Chrysocyon, Leptocyon (syn. Neocynodesmus), Lycalopex (syn. Eunothocyon, Pseudalopex, Pseudolycos, Viverriceps, Angusticeps, Microcyon), Nyctereutes, Protocyon (syn. Pleurocyon), Theriodictis (syn. Dinocynops), Vulpini
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1872 | Caninae Gill |
| 1902 | Caninae Hay p. 770 |
| 1970 | Caninae Bjork p. 13 |
| 1980 | Caninae Kurten and Anderson p. 167 |
| 1984 | Caninae Berta |
| 1999 | Caninae Wang et al. p. 21 |
| 2006 | Caninae Sotnikova |
| 2006 | Caninae Spassov and Rook |
| 2007 | Caninae de Bonis et al. |
| 2008 | Caninae García |
| 2008 | Caninae Garrido and Arribas |
| 2008 | Caninae Tedford and Wang p. 273 |
| 2008 | Caninae Wang et al. |
| 2009 | Caninae Tedford et al. p. 13 |
| 2013 | Caninae Hartstone-Rose et al. |
| 2014 | Caninae Ramirez and Prevosti |
| 2015 | Caninae Wang et al. |
| 2017 | Caninae Amri et al. |
| 2018 | Caninae Jiangzuo et al. p. 95 |
| 2019 | Caninae Albright et al. p. 172 |
| 2021 | Caninae Bartolini Lucenti |
| 2022 | Caninae Bartolini-Lucenti and Spassov |
| 2022 | Caninae Jiangzuo et al. |
| 2022 | Caninae Ruiz-Ramoni et al. p. 101 |
| 2022 | Caninae Valenciano et al. |
| 2023 | Caninae Fourvel and Frerebeau |
| 2023 | Caninae Prevosti |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subfm. Caninae Gill 1872 [canine]
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G. †Aenocyon Merriam 1918
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†Aenocyon dirus Leidy 1858 [dire wolf]
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Invalid names: Canis ayersi Sellards 1916 [synonym], Canis indianensis Leidy 1869 [synonym], Canis mississippiensis Allen 1876 [synonym], Canis nehringi Ameghino 1902 [synonym], Canis primaevus Hodgson 1833 [synonym]
Invalid names: Stereocyon Mercerat 1917 [synonym]
Tr. †Canini Fischer de Waldheim 1817
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Subtr. †Cerdocyonina Tedford et al. 2009
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G. Atelocynus Cabrera 1940 [short-eared dog]
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Atelocynus microtis Sclater 1883 [short-eared dog]
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Invalid names: Carcinocyon sclateri Allen 1905 [synonym]
G. Cerdocyon Hamilton-Smith 1839 [crab-eating fox]
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†Cerdocyon texanus Tedford et al. 2009
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Invalid names: Cerdocyon channingensis Torres and Ferrusquı 1981 [synonym]
Cerdocyon thous Linnaeus 1766 [crab eating fox]
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Invalid names: Canis azarae Wied 1824 [synonym], Canis brachyteles Blainville 1843 [synonym], Canis cancrivorus Brongniart 1792 [synonym], Canis entrerianus Burmeister 1861 [synonym], Canis melampus Wagner 1841 [synonym], Canis melanostomus Wagner 1843 [synonym], Canis robustior Lund 1843 [synonym], Canis rudis Günther 1879 [synonym], Cerdocyon apollinaris Allen 1918 [synonym], Cerdocyon guaraxa Hamilton Smith 1839 [synonym], Cerdocyon mimax Thomas 1914 [synonym], Cerdocyon tucumanus Thomas 1921 [synonym], Urocyon aquilus Bangs 1898 [synonym]
Invalid names: Carcinocyon Allen 1905 [synonym]
G. †Dusicyon Hamilton Smith 1839 [Falkland Island wolf]
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†Dusicyon australis Kerr 1972 [Falkland Island fox]
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Invalid names: Canis (Pseudalopex) australis Kerr 1792 [synonym], Dusicyon darwini Thomas 1914 [synonym], Pseudalopex antarcticus Bechstein 1799 [synonym]
†Dusicyon cultridens Gervais and Ameghino 1880
Invalid names: Dusicyon culpaeolus Thomas 1914 [nomen dubium], Dusicyon inca Thomas 1914 [nomen dubium]
G. †Eucyon Tedford and Qiu 1996
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†Eucyon adoxus Martin 1971
†Eucyon davisi Merriam 1911
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Invalid names: Canis condoni Shotwell 1956 [synonym], Leptocyon shermanensis Hibbard 1937 [synonym]
†Eucyon debonisi Montoya et al. 2009
†Eucyon ferox Miller and Carranza-Castaneda 1998
†Eucyon intrepidus Morales et al. 2005
†Eucyon khoikhoi Valenciano et al. 2022
†Eucyon kuta Werdelin et al. 2014
†Eucyon marinae Spassov and Rook 2006
†Eucyon minor Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau 1930
†Eucyon monticinensis Rook 1992
†Eucyon odessanus Odintzov 1967
†Eucyon skinneri Tedford et al. 2009
†Eucyon wokari García 2008
†Eucyon zhoui Tedford and Qiu 1996
G. †Sinicuon Kretzoi 1941
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†Sinicuon dubius Teilhard de Chardin 1940
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Invalid names: Sinicuon peii Kretzoi 1941 [objective synonym]
G. †Xenocyon Kretzoi 1938
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†Xenocyon antonii Zdansky 1924
†Xenocyon brevicephalus Qiu et al. 2004
†Xenocyon dubius Teilhard de Chardin 1940
†Xenocyon falconeri Forsyth-Major 1877
†Xenocyon lycaonoides Kretzoi 1938
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Invalid names: Cuon dubius stehlini Thenius 1954 [synonym], Cuon rosi Pons-Moyá and Moyá-Solá 1978 [synonym], Cuon stehlini Thenius 1954 [synonym], Xenocyon gigas Kretzoi 1941 [synonym], Xenocyon spelaeoides Kretzoi 1942 [synonym]
†Xenocyon texanus Troxell 1915
G. Canis Linnaeus 1758 [canine]
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Subg. †Canis (Epicyon) Leidy 1858
†Canis accitanus Garrido and Arribas 2008
†Canis adoxus Martin 1971
†Canis apolloniensis Koufos and Kostopoulos 1997
†Canis armbrusteri Gidley 1913
†Canis arnensis Del Campana 1913
Canis aureus Linnaeus 1758 [golden jackal]
†Canis borjgali Bartolini-Lucenti et al. 2020
Canis cana Blanford 1877 [Blanfords fox]
†Canis cedazoensis Mooser and Dalquest 1975
Canis ceylonicus Shaw 1800
†Canis chihliensis Zdansky 1924
†Canis chihliensis palmidens Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau 1930
†Canis cipio Crusafont-Pairó 1950
Canis culpaeus Molina 1782 [culpeo]
Canis dingo Blumenbach 1780 [dingo]
†Canis edwardii Gazin 1942
†Canis etruscus Forsyth Major 1877
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Invalid names: Canis majori Del Campana 1913 [synonym], Canis olivolanus Del Campana 1913 [synonym]
Canis familiaris Linnaeus 1758 [dog]
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Canis familiaris aegyptius Linnaeus 1758
Canis familiaris aquaticus Linnaeus 1758
Canis familiaris avicular Linnaeus 1758
Canis familiaris domestic Linnaeus 1758
Canis familiaris extrarius Linnaeus 1758
Canis familiaris fricator Linnaeus 1758
Canis familiaris grajus Linnaeus 1758
Canis familiaris melitens Linnaeus 1758
Canis familiaris molossus Linnaeus 1758
Canis familiaris sagax Linnaeus 1758
Invalid names: Pachycyon robustus Allen 1885 [synonym]
Canis familiaris vertagus Linnaeus 1758
†Canis feneus Tedford et al. 2009
†Canis geismarianus Cope 1878
†Canis hewitti Fourvel and Frerebeau 2023
†Canis incertus D'Orbigny and Laurillard 1842
†Canis latidentatus Cope 1899
Canis latrans Say 1823 [coyote]
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†Canis ochropus orcutti Merriam 1910
Invalid names: Canis andersoni Merriam 1910 [synonym], Canis caneloensis Skinner 1942 [synonym], Canis clepticus Eliot 1903 [synonym], Canis estor Merriam 1897 [synonym], Canis frustror Woodhouse 1851 [synonym], Canis goldmani Merriam 1904 [synonym], Canis hondurensis Goldman 1936 [synonym], Canis impavidus Allen 1903 [synonym], Canis irvingtonensis Savage 1951 [synonym], Canis jamesi Townsend 1912 [synonym], Canis lestes Merriam 1897 [synonym], Canis mearnsi Merriam 1897 [synonym], Canis microdon Merriam 1897 [synonym], Canis nebrascensis Merriam 1898 [synonym], Canis ochropus Eschscholtz 1829 [synonym], Canis peninsulae Merriam 1897 [synonym], Canis riviveronis Hay 1917 [synonym], Canis vigilis Merriam 1897 [synonym], Lyciscus cagottis Hamilton-Smith 1839 [synonym]
†Canis lepophagus Johnston 1938
†Canis longdanensis Qiu et al. 2004
Canis lupaster Hemprich and Eherenberg 1832 [African wolf]
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Canis anthus soudanicus Thomas 1911
Invalid names: Canis anthus Cuvier 1820 [synonym]
Canis lupus Linnaeus 1758 [gray wolf]
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†Canis occidentalis furlongi Merriam 1910
Invalid names: Canis chanco Gray 1863 [synonym], Canis furlongi Hay 1927 [synonym], Canis hodophilax Temminck 1839 [synonym], Canis lupus lunellensis Bonifay 1971 [invalid subgroup], Canis lycaon Schreber 1775 [synonym], Canis milleri Merriam 1912 [synonym], Canis niger Sclater 1874 [synonym], Canis nubilus Say 1823 [synonym], Canis occidentalis Richardson 1829 [synonym], Canis pallipes Sykes 1831 [synonym], Canis pambasileus Elliot 1905 [synonym], Canis petrolei Stock 1938 [synonym], Canis tundrarum Miller 1912 [synonym], Canis variabilis Wied-Neuwied 1841 [synonym], Lupus altaicus Noak 1911 [synonym], Lupus filchneri Matschie 1908 [synonym], Lupus gigas Townsend 1850 [synonym], Lupus karanorensis Matschie 1908 [synonym], Lupus laniger Hodgson 1847 [synonym], Lupus orientalis Wagner 1841 [synonym], Lupus tschiliensis Matschie 1908 [synonym]
†Canis lydekkeri Ameghino 1889
†Canis megamastoides Pomel 1842
†Canis michauxi Martin 1971
†Canis monticinensis Rook 1992
†Canis mosbachensis Soergel 1925
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†Canis osorum Cope 1873
†Canis othmanii Amri et al. 2017
†Canis palaeoplatensis Ameghino 1891
†Canis palmidens Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau 1930
†Canis proplatensis Ameghino 1891
Canis rufus Audubon and Bachman 1851 [red wolf]
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Invalid names: Canis floridanus Miller 1912 [synonym], Canis priscolatrans Cope 1899 [synonym], Lupus niger Bartram 1791 [synonym]
Canis sechurae Thomas 1900 [Sechuran fox]
†Canis senezensis Martin 1971
Canis simensis Rüppell 1835 [Ethiopian wolf]
†Canis tarijensis Ameghino 1902
†Canis teilhardi Qiu et al. 2004
†Canis thooides Tedford et al. 2009
†Canis variabilis Pei 1934
Canis vetulus Lund 1842 [Hoary fox]
Invalid names: Alopedon Hilzheimer 1906 [synonym], Dasycyon Krumbiegel 1953 [synonym], Dieba Gray 1869 [synonym], Lupulus Gervais 1855 [nomen nudum], Lyciscus Hamilton-Smith 1839 [synonym], Macrocyon Kraglievich [synonym], Nyctereutes terblanchei Broom 1948 [nomen dubium], Oreocyon Krumbiegel 1949 [synonym], Oxygous Hodgson 1841 [synonym], Pachycyon Allen 1885 [synonym], Sacalius Smith 1839 [synonym], Thos Bogachev [synonym], Vulpicanis de Blainville 1837 [synonym]
G. Chrysocyon Hamilton-Smith 1839 [maned wolf]
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Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger 1815 [maned wolf]
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Invalid names: Canis isodactylus Ameghino 1906 [synonym], Canis jubatus Desmarest 1820 [synonym], Vulpes cancrosa Oken 1816 [synonym]
†Chrysocyon nearcticus Tedford et al. 2009
G. †Leptocyon Matthew 1918
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†Leptocyon delicatus Loomis 1932
†Leptocyon douglassi Tedford et al. 2009
†Leptocyon gregorii Matthew 1907
†Leptocyon leidyi Tedford et al. 2009
†Leptocyon matthewi Tedford et al. 2009
†Leptocyon mollis Merriam 1906
†Leptocyon tejonensis Tedford et al. 2009
†Leptocyon vafer Leidy 1858
†Leptocyon vulpinus Matthew 1907
Invalid names: Neocynodesmus Macdonald 1963 [synonym]
G. Lycalopex Burmeister 1854 [South American fox]
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Lycalopex culpaeus Molina 1782 [culpeo]
†Lycalopex ensenadensis Ameghino 1888
Lycalopex fulvipes Martin 1837 [Darwin's fox]
Lycalopex griseus Gray 1837 [South American gray fox]
Lycalopex gymnocercus Fischer 1814 [pampas fox]
Lycalopex sechurae Thomas 1900 [Sechuran fox]
Lycalopex vetulus Lund 1842 [Hoary fox]
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Invalid names: Canis fulvicaudus Lund 1843 [synonym], Canis parvidens Mivart 1890 [synonym], Canis urostictus Mivart 1890 [synonym], Eunothocyon sladeni Thomas 1904 [synonym], Pseudalopex vetulus Lund 1842 [synonym]
Invalid names: Eunothocyon Allen 1905 [synonym], Pseudalopex Burmeister 1856 [synonym]
G. Nyctereutes Temminck 1839 [raccoon dog]
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†Nyctereutes abdeslami Geraads 1997
†Nyctereutes barryi Werdelin and Dehghani 2010
†Nyctereutes donnezani Depérer 1890
†Nyctereutes lockwoodi Geraads et al. 2010
†Nyctereutes megamastoides Pomel 1842
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Invalid names: Canis borbonicus Gervais 1859 [objective synonym], Canis mitzopouli Paraskevaidis 1953 [synonym]
Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray 1834 [raccoon dog]
†Nyctereutes sinensis Schlosser 1903
†Nyctereutes tingi Tedford and Qiu 1991
†Nyctereutes vulpinus Soria and Aguirre 1976
G. †Protocyon Giebel 1855
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†Protocyon orocualensis Ruiz-Ramoni et al. 2022
†Protocyon scagliarum Kraglievich 1952
†Protocyon tarijensis Ameghino 1902
†Protocyon troglodytes Lund 1938
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Invalid names: Canis lycodes Lund 1843 [synonym], Canis musculosus Ameghino 1882 [synonym], Palaeocyon validus Lund 1843 [synonym], Paleospeothos colomae Spillmann 1942 [synonym], Protocyon orcesi Hoffstetter 1952 [synonym]
Invalid names: Paleospeothos Spillmann 1941 [nomen nudum], Pleurocyon Mercerat 1917 [synonym]
G. †Theriodictis Mercerat 1891
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†Theriodictis floridanus Tedford et al. 2009
†Theriodictis platensis Mercerat 1891
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Invalid names: Macrocyon morenoi Lydekker 1894 [synonym], Palaeocyon troglodytes Revilliod 1926 [synonym]
†Theriodictis tarijensis Ameghino 1902
Invalid names: Dinocynops Ameghino 1898 [synonym]
Tr. Vulpini Hemprich and Ehrenberg 1832
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G. †Metalopex Tedford and Wang 2008
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†Metalopex bakeri Tedford et al. 2009
†Metalopex macconnelli Tedford et al. 2009
†Metalopex merriami Tedford and Wang 2008
G. Otocyon Müller 1835 [bat-eared fox]
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Otocyon megalotis Desmarest 1822 [bat-eared fox]
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Otocyon megalotis megalotis Desmarest 1822
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Invalid names: Agriodus auritus Smith 1840 [objective synonym], Canis lalandii Desmoulins 1823 [objective synonym], Otocyon caffer Müller 1836 [objective synonym], Otocyon steinhardti Zukowsky 1924 [synonym]
Invalid names: Agriodus Smith 1840 [objective synonym]
G. Urocyon Baird 1857 [gray fox]
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Urocyon cinereoargenteus Schreber 1775 [gray fox]
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Urocyon cinereoargenteus borealis Merriam 1903
Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus Mearns 1897
Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargenteus Schreber 1775
Urocyon cinereoargenteus costaricensis Goodwin 1938
Urocyon cinereoargenteus floridanus Rhoades 1895
Urocyon cinereoargenteus fraterculus Elliot 1896
Urocyon cinereoargenteus furvus Allen and Barbour 1923
Urocyon cinereoargenteus guatemalae Miller 1899
Urocyon cinereoargenteus madrensis Burt and Hooper 1941
Urocyon cinereoargenteus ocythous Bangs 1899
Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomus Goldman 1938
Urocyon cinereoargenteus peninsularis Huey 1928
Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii Mearns 1891
Urocyon cinereoargenteus townsendi Merriam 1899
Urocyon cinereoargenteus venezuelae Allen 1911
Invalid names: Canis virginianus Schreber 1775 [synonym], Urocyon californicus Merriam 1899 [synonym], Urocyon guatemalae Miller 1899 [synonym], Urocyon parvidens Miller 1899 [synonym], Urocyon seminolensis Simpson 1929 [synonym]
Urocyon cinereoargenteus nigrirostris Lichtenstein 1850
†Urocyon citrinus Tedford et al. 2009
Urocyon littoralis Baird 1857 [island gray fox]
†Urocyon minicephalus Martin 1974
†Urocyon progressus Stevens 1965
Urocyon virginianus Baird 1857
†Urocyon webbi Tedford et al. 2009
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
| part | N | mean | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mandibular ramus height | 1 | 18.3 |
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| Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Lillegraven 1979, Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009, Nowak 1991, Carroll 1988 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the early Late Arikareean to the top of the Holocene or 29.50000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 26.3 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 26.3 Ma
Collections (1086 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Geringian | USA (Montana) | Leptocyon douglassi (17722) | |
| Geringian | USA (South Dakota) | Hesperocyon leptodus (17641) Leptocyon douglassi (17654) | |
| Geringian | USA (Oregon) | Leptocyon douglassi (159093) Leptocyon mollis (93078) | |
| Arikareean | USA (Montana) | Leptocyon douglassi (17481) | |
| Arikareean | USA (South Dakota) | Neocynodesmus delicatus (17443) | |
| Arikareean | USA (Oregon) | Canis geismarianus (180202) | |
| early Late Arikareean | USA (Oregon) | Leptocyon vulpinus (36761) | |
| late Late Arikareean | USA (California) | Leptocyon sp. (167848 167853) | |
| Monroecreekian | USA (South Dakota) | Caninae indet. (17723) | |
| Harrisonian | USA (Florida) | Mesocyon sp. (17837) | |
| Harrisonian | USA (Wyoming) | Leptocyon gregorii (17794 17811 17815) | |
| Harrisonian | USA (South Dakota) | Cynodesmus vulpinus (17451) Hesperocyon gregorii (17456) Leptocyon gregorii (17519) | |
| Harrisonian | USA (Nebraska) | Leptocyon leidyi (17842) Leptocyon sp. (17819) Nothocyon gregorii (17846) | |
| Miocene | USA (South Dakota) | Leptocyon vafer (18083) | |
| Miocene | USA (Oklahoma) | Caninae indet. (18094) | |
| Miocene | Brazil (Mato Grosso) | Nothocyon urostictus, Nothocyon parvidens (230865) | |
| Miocene | USA (Arizona) | Vulpes sp. (19355) | |
| Miocene | USA (Nebraska) | Leptocyon sp. (18313) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | South Africa | Canis sp. (22220 22229) | |
| Neogene | Italy | Canis sp. (96713) | |