PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Pagophilus (harp seal)

Mammalia - Carnivora - Phocidae

Taxonomy

Pagophilus was named by Gray (1844). It is extant. Its type is Pagophilus groenlandica.

It was reranked as Phoca (Pagophilus) by Trouessart (1898), Allen (1902), Burns and Fay (1970); it was replaced with Pagophoca by Trouessart (1904); it was synonymized subjectively with Phoca by McKenna and Bell (1997).

It was assigned to Phocina by Gray (1866), Gray (1871); to Phoca by Trouessart (1898), Allen (1902), Burns and Fay (1970); to Cystophorini by Muizon (1981); to Phocidae by Gray (1850), Palmer (1904), Wilson and Reeder (2005); to Histriophocina by Koretsky (2001), Fulton and Strobeck (2010); to Phocinae by Gill (1866), Berta (2002), Deméré et al. (2003), Berta (2009), Berta (2018); and to Phocini by Scheffer and Rice (1963), Davis et al. (2004), Berta et al. (2018), Kienle and Berta (2019).

Species

P. groenlandica (type species)

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1844	Pagophilus Gray p. 3
1850	Pagophilus Gray p. 25
1866	Pagophilus Gill p. 5
1866	Pagophilus Gray p. 23
1871	Pagophilus Gray p. 2
1898	Phoca (Pagophilus) Trouessart p. 387
1902	Phoca (Pagophilus) Allen p. 475
1904	Pagophilus Palmer p. 497
1963	Pagophilus Scheffer and Rice p. 3
1970	Phoca (Pagophilus) Burns and Fay p. 390 figs. Fig. 3
1981	Pagophilus Muizon p. 135
2001	Pagophilus Koretsky p. 86
2002	Pagophilus Berta p. 923
2003	Pagophilus Deméré et al. p. 49 figs. Fig. 3.3
2004	Pagophilus Davis et al. p. 365
2005	Pagophilus Wilson and Reeder
2009	Pagophilus Berta p. 863
2010	Pagophilus Fulton and Strobeck p. 817 figs. Figure 1
2018	Pagophilus Berta p. 715 figs. Fig. 3C
2018	Pagophilus Berta et al. p. 210 figs. Fig. 2
2019	Pagophilus Kienle and Berta

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia

Rank	Name	Author
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Ferae	()
—	Carnivoramorpha	Wyss and Flynn 1993
—	Carnivoraformes	Flynn et al.
order	Carnivora
suborder	Caniformia	Kretzoi 1943
infraorder	Canoidea	(Simpson 1931)
superfamily	Arctoidea	Flower 1869
—	Panpinnipedia	Wolsan et al. 2020
—	Pinnipedimorpha
—	Pinnipedia	()
family	Phocidae	()
subfamily	Phocinae
genus	Pagophilus	Gray 1844

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Pagophilus Gray 1844 [harp seal]

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Pagophilus groenlandica Erxleben 1777 [harp seal]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

part	N	mean

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteuc

Ontogeny:

modification of partsuc

Environment:

marineuc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

amphibiousuc

Diet:

piscivoref

Diet 2:

carnivoref

Reproduction:

viviparousuc

Created:

2005-06-08 10:11:09

Modified:

2005-06-08 12:11:09

Source: f = family, c = class, uc = unranked clade

References: Nowak 1991, Hendy et al. 2009, Carreño and Cronin 1993, Gingerich 2003

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Calabrian to the top of the Holocene or 1.80000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 0.781 Ma

Collections (42 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	USA (Alaska)	Pagophilus groenlandica (81828)
Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	Poland	Phoca groenlandica (140376)
Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	USA (Maine)	Phoca groenlandica (74229)
Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	Germany	Phoca groenlandica (74232 140374)
Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	Sweden	Phoca groenlandica (74230 74231)
Calabrian	1.8 - 0.774	Netherlands	Pagophilus groenlandica, Phoca groenlandica (53897)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Canada (New Brunswick)	Phoca groenlandica (73665)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Sweden	Phoca groenlandica (81817 90196 90197)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Norway	Pagophilus groenlandica (81673) Pagophilus groenlandicus (73689) Phoca groenlandica (227340)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Netherlands	Pagophilus groenlandica (82530)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Norway (Sunnmore)	Phoca groenlandica (125317)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Canada (Ontario)	Phoca groenlandica (51024)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Greenland	Phoca groenlandica (227031 227040)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Svalbard and Jan Mayen	Pagophilus groenlandicus (168682)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Canada (Newfoundland and Labrador)	Pagophilus groenlandica (175982 175983) Pagophilus groenlandicus (175980 175981)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Canada (Nunavut)	Pagophilus groenlandicus (175960 228756 228919)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Finland	Phoca groenlandica (90105 90106)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Canada (Quebec)	Pagophilus groenlandicus (228861) Phoca groenlandica (228766)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Greenland (Qeqertasussuk)	Phoca groenlandica (187755)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Greenland	Pagophilus groenlandica (175985 175995) Pagophilus groenlandicus (90115 227875 230120) Phoca groenlandica (227877 229938 229942 229943)