PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Pinacosaurus grangeri

Reptilia - Ankylosauridae

Taxonomy

Pinacosaurus grangeri was named by Gilmore (1933). Its type specimen is AMNH 6523, a skull (skull and mandibles), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Shabarakh Usu (AMNH loc. 12049), which is in a Campanian eolian sandstone in the Djadokhta Formation of Mongolia. It was considered monophyletic by Vickaryous et al. (2004).

Synonyms

Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis was named by Young (1935). Its type specimen is IVPP uncat., a partial skeleton (fragment of upper jaw, partial right mandible, 23 vertebrae, right scapula, right humerus, partial ischia, right femur, both tibiae, two metatarsals, radius or ), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is North Alashan desert, Ninghsia, which is in a Cretaceous terrestrial sandstone in China. It was considered monophyletic by Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was synonymized subjectively with Pinacosaurus grangeri by Maryanska (1971), Tumanova (1987), Barrett et al. (1998), Ford (2000), Vickaryous et al. (2004), Arbour and Currie (2013), Arbour and Currie (2016); it was considered a nomen dubium by Carpenter (2001).
Syrmosaurus viminocaudus was named by Maleev (1952). Its type specimen is PIN AS 614, a skeleton (nearly complete skeleton without skull), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Bayn Dzak [MPE/SMPE] (PIN coll. 614), which is in a Campanian eolian sandstone in the Djadokhta Formation of Mongolia.

It was corrected as Syrmosaurus viminicaudus by Maleev (1952), Maleev (1954), Tatarinov (1964), Shuvalov (2000); it was considered a nomen dubium by Carpenter (2001); it was synonymized subjectively with Pinacosaurus grangeri by Maryanska (1971), Rozhdestvensky (1977), Maryanska (1977), Tumanova (1987), Coy (1997), Ford (2000), Vickaryous et al. (2004), Carpenter et al. (2011), Arbour and Currie (2013), Arbour and Currie (2016).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1933	Pinacosaurus grangeri Gilmore
1935	Pinacosaurus grangeri Young
1935	Pinacosaurus ninghsiaensis Young
1935	Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis Young pp. 5-28 figs. 1-17, Pl. 1-3
1935	Pinacosaurus grangeri Young p. 24
1937	Pinacosaurus grangeri Young p. 277
1939	Pinacosaurus grangeri Riabinin p. 25
1952	Syrmosaurus viminicaudus Maleev pp. 131-134
1952	Syrmosaurus viminocaudus Maleev pp. 131-134 figs. 1-3
1953	Pinacosaurus grangeri Bohlin p. 30
1953	Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis Bohlin p. 30
1954	Syrmosaurus viminicaudus Maleev p. 147 figs. 1-13
1954	Syrmosaurus viminocaudus Yuryev p. 207
1964	Syrmosaurus viminocaudus Kuhn p. 39
1964	Pinacosaurus grangeri Kuhn p. 50
1964	Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis Kuhn p. 50
1964	Syrmosaurus viminicaudus Tatarinov p. 577
1965	Pinacosaurus grangeri Simmons p. 69
1971	Pinacosaurus grangeri Maryanska p. 47
1972	Pinacosaurus grangeri Kurzanov p. 104
1974	Pinacosaurus grangeri Rozhdestvensky p. 147
1977	Pinacosaurus grangeri Gradzinski et al. p. 301
1977	Pinacosaurus grangeri Maryanska p. 101
1977	Pinacosaurus grangeri Rozhdestvensky p. 113
1984	Pinacosaurus grangeri Kielan-Jaworowska p. 104
1986	Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis Zhao p. 72
1987	Pinacosaurus grangeri Tumanova p. 16
1992	Pinacosaurus grangeri Dong p. 166
1995	Pinacosaurus grangeri Buffetaut p. 687
1997	Pinacosaurus grangeri Barsbold p. 450
1997	Pinacosaurus grangeri Coy p. 692
1997	Pinacosaurus grangeri Norell and Makovicky p. 3
1997	Pinacosaurus grangeri Osmólska p. 44
1997	Pinacosaurus grangeri Vickaryous and Ryan p. 491
2000	Pinacosaurus grangeri Ford p. 176
2000	Syrmosaurus viminicaudus Shuvalov p. 269
2000	Pinacosaurus grangeri Tumanova p. 523
2001	Pinacosaurus grangeri Carpenter p. 457
2001	Pinacosaurus grangeri Carpenter et al. p. 212
2004	Pinacosaurus grangeri Vickaryous et al. p. 364
2007	Pinacosaurus grangeri Arbour p. 41A
2007	Pinacosaurus grangeri Lü et al. p. 887
2009	Pinacosaurus grangeri Parsons and Parsons p. 735
2010	Pinacosaurus grangeri Longrich et al. p. 955
2011	Pinacosaurus grangeri Burns and Sullivan p. 175
2011	Pinacosaurus grangeri Carpenter et al. p. 6
2012	Pinacosaurus grangeri Wang et al. p. 406
2013	Pinacosaurus grangeri Arbour and Currie p. 28
2013	Pinacosaurus grangeri Kirkland et al. p. 7
2014	Pinacosaurus grangeri Arbour et al. p. 8
2014	Pinacosaurus grangeri Arbour et al. p. 634
2014	Pinacosaurus grangeri Han et al. p. 3
2014	Pinacosaurus grangeri Tsogtbaatar et al. p. 109
2015	Pinacosaurus grangeri Hill et al. p. 893
2016	Pinacosaurus grangeri Arbour and Currie p. 410–411
2016	Pinacosaurus grangeri Kineer et al. p. 42
2017	Pinacosaurus grangeri Arbour and Mallon p. 771
2018	Pinacosaurus grangeri Norell et al. p. 2
2020	Pinacosaurus grangeri Czepiński p. 490
2020	Pinacosaurus grangeri Wang et al. p. 958
2020	Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis Wang et al. p. 960
2021	Pinacosaurus grangeri Park et al. p. 2

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()

Rank	Name	Author
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Ornithischia	()
—	Genasauria
—	Thyreophora	()
—	Ankylosauria	()
family	Ankylosauridae
subfamily	Ankylosaurinae	Nopcsa 1918
genus	Pinacosaurus
species	grangeri

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

†Pinacosaurus grangeri Gilmore 1933

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Invalid names: Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis Young 1935 [synonym], Syrmosaurus viminocaudus Maleev 1952 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
T. A. Tumanova 1987	Premaxillary processes separate nostrils and elevate them, extend posteriorly between nasals, not covered by osteoderms; osteoderms do not project over medial portion of occiput; occipital condyle visible from above.
V. M. Arbour and P. J. Currie 2016	Uniquely amongst ankylosaurids, has an embayment in the supranarial ornamentation dorsal to the narial opening. Differs from all other ankylosaurs in possessing the following combination of characters: rugose, amorphous frontonasal ornamentation; paranasal apertures/fossae. Differs from Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus in having short squamosal horns that do not extend far past posterior margin of skull; width across squamosal horns is not greater than width across supraorbitals; and has lacrimal incisure.

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteo

Entire body:

yesg

Adult length:

10 to < 100o

Adult width:

1.0 to < 10o

Adult height:

1.0 to < 10o

Architecture:

compact or denseo

Ontogeny:

accretion, modification of partso

Grouping:

gregariouso

Environment:

terrestrialo

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

ground dwellingo

Diet:

herbivoreo

Reproduction:

oviparouso

Dispersal:

direct/internalo

Dispersal 2:

mobileo

Created:

2005-08-25 06:06:47

Modified:

2005-08-25 08:06:47

Source: g = genus, o = order

References: Peczkis 1995, Marsh 1875

Age range: base of the Late/Upper Santonian to the top of the Middle Campanian or 85.70000 to 72.20000 Ma

Collections (16 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Cretaceous	100.5 - 66.0	China (Ningxia)	Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis (62323)
Coniacian - Santonian	89.8 - 83.6	China (Shandong)	Pinacosaurus grangeri (35966)
Late/Upper Santonian - Late/Upper Campanian	85.7 - 72.2	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Pinacosaurus grangeri (167657)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Pinacosaurus grangeri (45329)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	China (Nei Mongol)	Pinacosaurus grangeri (94372 220053 220054 220055 232428)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Pinacosaurus grangeri (type locality: 46152 55256) Pinacosaurus sp. (37013) Syrmosaurus viminocaudus (53229)
Middle Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Pinacosaurus grangeri (222595)
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Mongolia (Dornogov)	Pinacosaurus grangeri (65338)
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Pinacosaurus grangeri (65334)