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Phocinae (seal)

Mammalia - Carnivora - Phocidae

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1821Phocinae Gray p. 302
1866Phocinae Gill p. 5
1880Phocinae Allen p. 557
1898Phocinae Trouessart p. 381
1904Phocinae Trouessart p. 284
1912Phocinae Turner p. 178
1928Phocinae Weber p. 351
1930Phocinae Hay p. 562
1947Phocinae Friant p. 6
1963Phocinae Scheffer and Rice p. 3
1970Phocinae Burns and Fay p. 380
1971Phocinae Ginsburg and Janvier p. 162
1976Phocinae Tedford p. 372
1980Phocinae Kurten and Anderson p. 204
1981Phocinae Muizon p. 135
1982Phocinae Muizon p. 205 figs. Table 1
1982Phocinae Thomas et al. p. 1
1984Phocinae Antoniuk and Koretsky p. 27
1986Phocinae Kovacs and Lavigne p. 1
1990Phocinae Riedman p. 57 figs. Table 2
1991Phocinae Koretsky p. 41A
1994Phocinae Koretsky and Ray p. 18
1997Phocinae McKenna and Bell p. 257
1998Phocinae Rice
1999Phocinae Ginsburg and Janvier p. 170
2001Phocinae Cozzuol p. 415
2001Phocinae Koretsky p. 34
2002Phocinae Berta p. 923
2002Phocinae Koretsky and Holec p. 175 figs. Fig. 9
2003Phocinae Deméré et al. p. 49 figs. Fig. 3.3
2003Phocinae Koretsky p. 64
2004Phocinae Davis et al. p. 365
2006Phocinae Koretsky and Barnes p. 148
2008Phocinae Koretsky and Barnes p. 545
2008Phocinae Koretsky and Ray p. 84
2009Phocinae Berta p. 863
2010Phocinae Fulton and Strobeck p. 817 figs. Figure 1
2012Phocinae Koretsky et al. p. 5
2014Phocinae Koretsky et al. p. 421
2015Phocinae Koretsky et al. p. 58
2017Phocinae Berta p. 157
2017Phocinae Dewaele et al. p. 13
2017Phocinae Dewaele et al. p. 10
2018Phocinae Berta p. 715 figs. Fig. 3C
2018Phocinae Berta et al. p. 210 figs. Fig. 2
2018Phocinae Dewaele et al. p. 14
2019Phocinae Albright et al. p. 178
2019Phocinae Kienle and Berta
2020Phocinae Gol'din et al. p. 8
2021Phocinae Hafed et al.
2021Phocinae Koretsky and Rahmat p. 144
2024Phocinae Hafed et al.
2024Phocinae Vanishvili p. 167

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
—Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
—Mammaliamorpha
—Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
RankNameAuthor
—Cladotheria
—Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
—Eutheria()
—Placentalia
—Boreoeutheria
—Laurasiatheria
—Scrotifera
—Ferae()
—CarnivoramorphaWyss and Flynn 1993
—CarnivoraformesFlynn et al.
orderCarnivora
suborderCaniformiaKretzoi 1943
infraorderCanoidea(Simpson 1931)
superfamilyArctoideaFlower 1869
—PanpinnipediaWolsan et al. 2020
—Pinnipedimorpha
—Pinnipedia()
familyPhocidae()
subfamilyPhocinae
subfamilyPhocinae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subfm. Phocinae Gray 1821 [seal]
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G. Cystophora Nilsson 1820 [hooded seal]
+
Cystophora cristata Erxleben 1779 [hooded seal]
+
Invalid names: Cystophora borealis Nilsson 1820 [synonym]
Invalid names: Cystophoca Schufeldt 1890 [synonym], Stemmatopis Gloger 1841 [synonym], Stemmatops Van der Hoeven 1855 [synonym], Stemmatopus Cuvier 1824 [synonym]
G. Erignathus Gill 1866 [bearded seal]
+
Erignathus barbatus Erxleben 1777 [bearded seal]
+
Invalid names: Phoca nautica Pallas 1811 [synonym]
G. Halichoerus Nilsson 1820 [grey seal]
+
Subg. Halichoerus (Halichoerus) Trouessart 1898
Halichoerus grypus Fabricius 1791 [grey seal]
G. Histriophoca Gill 1873 [ribbon seal]
+
†Histriophoca alekseevi Koretsky 2001
Histriophoca fasciata Zimmermann 1783 [ribbon seal]
+
Invalid names: Phoca equestris Pallas 1831 [synonym]
G. †Kawas Cozzuol 2001
+
†Kawas benegasorum Cozzuol 2001
G. †Leptophoca True 1906
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†Leptophoca proxima Van Beneden 1876
+
Invalid names: Leptophoca lenis True 1906 [synonym]
G. †Nanophoca Dewaele et al. 2017
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†Nanophoca vitulinoides Van Beneden 1876
G. †Necromites Bogachev 1940
+
†Necromites nestoris Bogachev 1940
G. Pagophilus Gray 1844 [harp seal]
+
Pagophilus groenlandica Erxleben 1777 [harp seal]
G. Phoca Linnaeus 1758 [seal]
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Subg. Phoca (Phoca) Trouessart 1898
Phoca caspica Nilsson 1837
Phoca hispida Schreber 1775 [ringed seal]
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Invalid names: Phoca annellata Nillson 1820 [synonym]
Phoca largha Pallas 1811
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Invalid names: Phoca insularis Belkin 1964 [synonym]
Phoca vitulina Linnaeus 1758 [harbor seal]
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Invalid names: Halichoerus antarcticus Peale 1848 [synonym]
Invalid names: Arctias Rafinesque 1815 [synonym], Callocephalus Cuvier 1827 [synonym], Caspiopusa Dybowski 1929 [synonym], Halicyon Gray 1864 [synonym], Haliphilus Gray 1866 [synonym], Pagomys Gray 1860 [synonym], Pagophoca Trouessart 1904 [synonym]
Tr. Phocini Gray 1821
+
Subtr. Phocina Gray 1825
+
G. †Planopusa Koretsky and Rahmat 2021
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†Planopusa semenovi Koretsky and Rahmat 2021
Invalid names: Histriophocina Koretsky 2001 [empty], Phocinina Koretsky 2001 [empty]
G. †Praepusa Kretzoi 1941
+
†Praepusa pannonica Kretzoi 1941
†Praepusa procaspica Gadzhiev 1961
†Praepusa tarchankutica Antoniuk and Koretsky 1984
G. Pusa Scopoli 1777 [Arctic seal]
+
Pusa caspica Nilsson 1837
Pusa hispida Schreber 1775 [ringed seal]
+
Pusa hispida saimensis Nordquist 1900
Invalid names: Phoca (Phoca) foetida Fabricius 1776 [synonym]
Pusa sibirica Gmelin 1788
Invalid names: Cystophorini Gray 1866 [empty], Erignathini Chapski 1955 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: hydroxyapatiteuc
Ontogeny: modification of partsuc
Environment: marineuc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: amphibiousuc
Diet: piscivoref
Diet 2: carnivoref
Reproduction: viviparousuc
Created: 2005-06-08 10:11:09
Modified: 2005-06-08 12:11:09
Source: f = family, c = class, uc = unranked clade
References: Nowak 1991, Gingerich 2003, Carreño and Cronin 1993, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Burdigalian to the top of the Holocene or 20.44000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 15.97 Ma

Collections (296 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Ukraine Phoca sp. (75068)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333Netherlands Phoca sp., Phoca vitulinoides (190171)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97USA (Delaware) Leptophoca lenis (18579)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97Netherlands (Noord-Brabant) Leptophoca amphiatlantica (123486)
Langhian15.97 - 13.82USA (Virginia) Leptophoca lenis (28368)
Langhian15.97 - 13.82USA (Maryland) Leptophoca lenis (18516 70818 71615 71809) Leptophoca sp., Leptophoca lenis (45506) Leptophoca sp., Leptophoca lenis, Leptophoca amphiatlantica (70823)
Langhian - Serravallian15.97 - 11.62Belgium (Antwerpen) Prophoca proxima (51680)
Langhian - Serravallian15.97 - 11.62Belgium Nanophoca vitulinoides (91520) Prophoca proxima (59123)
Middle Miocene - Late/Upper Miocene15.97 - 5.333Ukraine (Chmelnitsky) Planopusa semenovi (208611)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.62USA (Maryland) Leptophoca lenis (49945 70828 70836 70843 70854 88577 88578 88581 88582) Leptophoca sp., Leptophoca lenis (70835)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.62Hungary Praepusa pannonica (52069)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.62USA (Virginia) Leptophoca lenis (55690 71798 71806 126605 187324) Leptophoca lenis, Leptophoca amphiatlantica (45508) Phocidae indet. (57700) Phocinae indet., Leptophoca lenis (57111)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.62Romania Praepusa pannonica (60280)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.62Moldova (Chișinău) Praepusa pannonica (210590)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.62Moldova Phocinae indet. (213543)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.62Netherlands Phoca vitulinoides (75152)
Sarmatian12.7 - 11.608Moldova Praepusa pannonica, Histriophoca alekseevi (57734)
Sarmatian12.7 - 11.608Austria Phoca sp. (70505)
Sarmatian12.7 - 11.608Ukraine Phocinae indet. (213733)
Sarmatian12.7 - 11.608Georgia Phoca procaspica (234519)