PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Kogiidae (pygmy sperm whale)

Mammalia - Cetacea - Kogiidae

Taxonomy

Kogiidae was named by Miller (1923). It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Uhen et al. (2008).

It was assigned to Odontoceti by Miller (1923), Kellogg (1928); and to Physeteroidea by Kasuya (1973), Barnes et al. (1985), Muizon (1990), Vidal (1991), Fordyce and Barnes (1994), Fordyce et al. (1995), Rice (1998), Bianucci and Landini (1999), Fordyce and de Muizon (2001), Rice (2002), Gingerich (2005), Bianucci and Landini (2007), Bloodworth and Odell (2008), Whitmore and Kaltenbach (2008), Uhen et al. (2008), Lambert (2008), Rice (2009), Lambert et al. (2010), Canto et al. (2010), Bianucci et al. (2011), Geisler et al. (2011), Aguirre-Fernández and Fordyce (2014), Velez-Juarbe et al. (2015), Marx et al. (2016), Velez-Juarbe et al. (2016), Collareta et al. (2017), Berta (2017), Collareta et al. (2019), Benites-Palomino et al. (2020), Benites-Palomino et al. (2021), Benites-Palomino et al. (2023).

Subtaxa

Aprixokogia, Kogiinae, Scaphokogiinae

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1923	Kogiidae Miller p. 33
1928	Kogiidae Kellogg p. 34 figs. Table 1
1973	Kogiidae Kasuya p. 61
1985	Kogiidae Barnes et al. p. 26
1990	Kogiidae Muizon p. 297
1991	Kogiidae Vidal p. 5
1994	Kogiidae Fordyce and Barnes p. 428 figs. Table 1
1995	Kogiidae Fordyce et al. p. 379
1998	Kogiidae Rice
1999	Kogiidae Bianucci and Landini p. 445
2001	Kogiidae Fordyce and de Muizon p. 179
2002	Kogiidae Rice p. 231 figs. Table 1
2005	Kogiidae Gingerich p. 237 figs. Table 15.1
2007	Kogiidae Bianucci and Landini p. 45 figs. Table 2.1
2008	Kogiidae Bloodworth and Odell p. 1
2008	Kogiidae Lambert
2008	Kogiidae Uhen et al. p. 573
2008	Kogiidae Whitmore and Kaltenbach p. 230
2009	Kogiidae Rice p. 235 figs. Table 1
2010	Kogiidae Canto et al. p. 20
2010	Kogiidae Lambert et al. p. 107 figs. Fig. 2
2011	Kogiidae Bianucci et al. p. 560
2011	Kogiidae Geisler et al. p. 5 figs. Table 1
2014	Kogiidae Aguirre-Fernández and Fordyce p. 195
2015	Kogiidae Velez-Juarbe et al. p. 5
2016	Kogiidae Marx et al. p. 123
2016	Kogiidae Velez-Juarbe et al. pp. e1135806-2
2017	Kogiidae Berta p. 161
2017	Kogiidae Collareta et al. p. 261
2019	Kogiidae Collareta et al. p. 611
2020	Kogiidae Benites-Palomino et al. p. 3
2021	Kogiidae Benites-Palomino et al.
2023	Kogiidae Benites-Palomino et al. p. 2

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes

Rank	Name	Author
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Euungulata
—	Artiodactylamorpha
—	Artiodactyla	()
—	Whippomorpha
order	Cetacea
—	Pelagiceti
—	Neoceti
suborder	Odontoceti
superfamily	Physeteroidea
family	Kogiidae
family	Kogiidae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Kogiidae Miller 1923 [pygmy sperm whale]

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G. †Aprixokogia Whitmore and Kaltenbach 2008

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†Aprixokogia kelloggi Whitmore and Kaltenbach 2008

Subfm. Kogiinae Gill 1871

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G. Kogia Gray 1846

Kogia breviceps Blainville 1838 [pygmy sperm whale]

Invalid names: Euphysetes grayii MacLeay 1851 [synonym], Euphysetes pottsii Haast 1873 [synonym], Kogia brevirostris Gray 1865 [invalid subgroup], Kogia floweri Gill 1871 [synonym], Kogia goodie True 1884 [synonym], Kogia macleayii Kreft 1865 [synonym]

†Kogia danomurai Benites-Palomino et al. 2021

†Kogia pusilla Pilleri 1987

Kogia sima Owen 1866 [dwarf sperm whale]

Invalid names: Callignathus Gill 1871 [synonym], Cogia Gray 1846 [synonym], Euphysetes Wall 1851 [synonym]

G. †Koristocetus Collareta et al. 2017

†Koristocetus pescei Collareta et al. 2017

G. †Nanokogia Velez-Juarbe et al. 2015

†Nanokogia isthmia Velez-Juarbe et al. 2015

G. †Pliokogia Collareta et al. 2019

†Pliokogia apenninica Collareta et al. 2019

G. †Praekogia Barnes 1973

†Praekogia cedrosensis Barnes 1973

Subfm. †Scaphokogiinae Muizon 1988

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G. †Platyscaphokogia Collareta et al. 2020

†Platyscaphokogia landinii Collareta et al. 2020

G. †Scaphokogia Muizon 1988

†Scaphokogia cochlearis Muizon 1988

†Scaphokogia totajpe Benites-Palomino et al. 2020

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
M. D. Uhen et al. 2008	Kogiids differ from Physeter and stem-physeterids in, for example, body size, body form (shark-like profile in Kogia spp.), and different arrangement of soft tissues associated with the nasofacial muscles (see e.g. Heyning 1989a, Cranford et al. 1996, Cranford 1999, Clarke 2003). Diagnostic bony features for living Kogia (for crown-Kogiidae) include: massive maxillary walls that laterally bound the melon and lie lateral to antorbital notches; facial sagittal crest formed by both premaxillae, orbit shifted posteroventrally; a blunt and squared anterior end of the atrophied zygomatic process of the squamosal; a flat plate-like posterior process on the periotic; and an inflated posterior process of the tympanic bulla (see e.g. Muizon 1991, Luo and Marsh 1996, Bianucci and Landini 1999, Kazar 2002). Rostral shape is variable in the kogiid lineage, as indicated by the long rostrum in the fossil Scaphokogia Muizon 1988. Some of the characters of the living species in the genus Kogia are paedomorphic (see Raven and Gregory, 1933).

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

hydroxyapatitesubo

Form:

roller-shapedo

Ontogeny:

modification of partso

Environment:

marine, freshwatersubo

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

aquatico

Depth habitat:

surfaceo

Diet:

carnivoresubo

Reproduction:

viviparoussubo

Created:

2005-03-06 14:21:39

Modified:

2005-09-22 15:42:08

Source: subo = suborder, o = order

Reference: Uhen 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Langhian to the top of the Holocene or 15.98000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 13.82 Ma

Collections (54 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Neogene	23.04 - 2.58	Madagascar	Kogia sp. (55451)
Neogene	23.04 - 2.58	South Pacific	Kogia sp. (99587)
Langhian	15.98 - 13.82	Japan (Iwate)	Kogiidae indet. (76005)
Serravallian	13.82 - 11.63	Italy	Kogiinae indet. (48656)
Tortonian	11.63 - 7.246	Malta	Kogiidae indet. (121981)
Tortonian	11.63 - 7.246	Chile (Atacama)	Kogiidae indet. (80365)
Tortonian	11.63 - 7.246	Peru (Arequipa)	Scaphokogia cochlearis, Koristocetus pescei (45485)
Tortonian	11.63 - 7.246	Panama (Colon)	Nanokogia isthmia (144795 168820)
Tortonian	11.63 - 7.246	USA (California)	Kogiidae indet. (13300)
Tortonian - Messinian	11.63 - 5.333	New Zealand	Kogia sp. (87865)
Tortonian - Messinian	11.63 - 5.333	Peru	Kogiidae indet., Kogia danomurai (46083)
Late/Upper Hemphillian	9.4 - 4.7	USA (Florida)	Kogiidae indet. (18532 45478 60036)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Mexico (Baja California)	Praekogia cedrosensis (13090 45460)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Peru (Caraveli)	Scaphokogia totajpe (46084)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Peru	Scaphokogia sp. (13079)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Panama (Colon)	Scaphokogiinae indet. (230673)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Chile	Kogiidae indet. (114474)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Peru (Ica)	Platyscaphokogia landinii (78517 78518)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	USA (North Carolina)	Kogiinae indet., Kogiidae indet., Kogia breviceps, Aprixokogia kelloggi (52582)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	Australia (Victoria)	Kogiidae indet. (51328)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	Japan (Ibaraki)	Kogia prisca (76013)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	Italy	Pliokogia apenninica (206310)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	USA (Florida)	Kogiidae indet. (45474 154720)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.58	Mexico (Baja California Sur)	Scaphokogia sp., Kogia sp. (57779)
Late/Upper Pliocene	3.6 - 2.58	Morocco	Kogia sp. (32052)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.58	Italy	Kogia breviceps, Kogia simus, Dioplodon sp. (47428)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.58	Italy (Tuscany)	Hyperoodon pusillus (48652)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	USA (South Carolina)	Kogiidae indet. (188304)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	South Africa	Kogia breviceps (168344 168345) Physeter breviceps (86897)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Peru	Kogia breviceps (168350)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Mexico (Baja California)	Kogia sp. (201786)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Mexico	Kogia breviceps (168349)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	New Zealand	Kogia breviceps (168347)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Brazil	Kogia breviceps (168343)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	USA (Maine)	Kogia breviceps (168342)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	United Kingdom	Kogia breviceps (168341)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	India	Kogia breviceps (168346)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	India (Andhra Pradesh)	Physeter simus (86882)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	New Caledonia	Kogia breviceps (83457 83460 83476 83478) Kogia breviceps, Kogia sima (83477) Kogia sima (83479 83480)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Japan	Kogia breviceps (168348)