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Giraffomorpha

Mammalia

Taxonomy
Giraffomorpha was named by Sánchez et al. (2015). It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Sánchez et al. (2015).

It was assigned to Pecora by Sánchez et al. (2015).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
2015Giraffomorpha Sánchez et al.

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
—Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
RankNameAuthor
—Mammaliamorpha
—Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
—Cladotheria
—Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
—Eutheria()
—Placentalia
—Boreoeutheria
—Laurasiatheria
—Scrotifera
—Euungulata
—Artiodactylamorpha
—Artiodactyla()
—Ruminantiamorpha
—Ruminantia(Scopoli 1777)
—Pecora()
superfamilyGiraffomorpha
superfamilyGiraffomorpha

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Superfm. Giraffomorpha Sánchez et al. 2015
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Fm. Giraffidae Gray 1821 [giraffe]
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G. †Alcicephalus Rodler and Wiethofer 1890
+
†Alcicephalus neumayri Rodler and Weithofer 1890
†Alcicephalus sinensis Schlosser 1903
G. †Birgerbohlinia Crusafont Pairó and Villalta 1951
+
†Birgerbohlinia schaubi Crusafont-Pairo 1952
G. †Bohlinia Matthew 1929
+
†Bohlinia adoumi Likius et al. 2007
†Bohlinia attica Lydekker 1886
G. †Bramiscus Ríos et al. 2024
+
†Bramiscus micros Ríos et al. 2024
Subfm. †Canthumerycinae Hamilton 1978
+
G. †Canthumeryx Hamilton 1973
+
†Canthumeryx sirtensis Hamilton 1973
Invalid names: Zarafa Hamilton 1973 [synonym]
G. †Injanatherium Heintz et al. 1981
+
†Injanatherium arabicum Morales 1987
†Injanatherium hazimi Heintz 1981
G. †Decennatherium Crusafont Pairo 1952
+
†Decennatherium crusafonti Bosscha-Erbrink 1976
†Decennatherium pachecoi Crusafont 1952
†Decennatherium rex Rios et al. 2017
G. †Georgiomeryx Paraskevaidis 1940
+
†Georgiomeryx georgalasi Paraskevaidis 1940
+
G. Giraffa Brisson 1762 [giraffe]
+
Giraffa camelopardalis Linnaeus 1758 [giraffe]
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Invalid names: Camelopardalis aethiopica Ogilby 1837 [synonym], Camelopardalis antiquorum Jardine 1835 [synonym], Camelopardalis capensis Lesson 1842 [synonym], Giraffa hagenbecki Knottneurus-Meyer 1910 [synonym], Giraffa infumata Noack 1908 [synonym], Giraffa schillingsi Matschie 1898 [synonym], Giraffa senaariensis Trouessart 1898 [synonym]
Giraffa giraffa Von Schreber 1784 [southern giraffe]
†Giraffa jumae Leakey 1967
†Giraffa pomeli Arambourg 1979
†Giraffa priscilla Pilgrim 1911
†Giraffa punjabiensis Pilgrim 1911
†Giraffa pygmaea Harris 1976
Giraffa reticulata De Wintin 1899 [reticulated giraffe]
†Giraffa sivalensis Falconer and Cautley 1843
†Giraffa stillei Arambourg 1947
Giraffa tippelskirchi Matschie 1898 [Masai giraffe]
Invalid names: Camelopardalis Schreber 1784 [synonym], Orasius Oken 1816 [synonym], Trachelotherium Gistl 1848 [synonym]
Subfm. †Giraffokerycinae Solounias 2007
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G. †Giraffokeryx Pilgrim 1910
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†Giraffokeryx primaevus Churcher 1970
†Giraffokeryx punjabiensis Pilgrima 1910
G. †Helladotherium Gaudry 1860
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†Helladotherium duvernoyi Gaudry and Lartet 1856
G. †Honanotherium Bohlin 1926
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†Honanotherium bernori Solounias and Danowitz 2016
†Honanotherium schlosseri Bohlin 1926
Subfm. †Okapiinae Bohlin 1926
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G. †Afrikanokeryx Harris et al. 2010
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†Afrikanokeryx leakeyi Harris et al. 2010
+
G. Okapia Lankester 1901 [okapi]
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Okapia johnstoni Sclater 1901
G. †Palaeogiraffa Bonis and Bouvrain 2003
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†Palaeogiraffa macedoniae Geraads 1989
†Palaeogiraffa major Bonis and Bouvrain 2003
†Palaeogiraffa pamiri Ozansoy 1965
Tr. †Palaeotragini Pilgrim 1911
+
G. †Mitilanotherium Samson and Radulesco 1966
+
Invalid names: Macedonitherium Sickenberg 1967 [synonym], Sogdianotherium Sharapov 1974 [synonym]
G. †Samotherium Forsyth Major 1888
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†Samotherium africanus Churcher 1970
†Samotherium boissieri Forsyth Major 1888
†Samotherium major Bohlin 1926
†Samotherium neumayri Radler and Weihofer 1890
†Samotherium sinense Schlosser 1903
†Samotherium tafeli Kilgus 1922
G. †Palaeotragus Gaudry 1861
+
†Palaeotragus coelophrys Rodler and Weithofer 1890
†Palaeotragus germaini Arambourg 1959
†Palaeotragus inexspectatus Samson and Radulesco 1966
†Palaeotragus lavocati Heintz 1976
†Palaeotragus microdon Bohlin 1926
†Palaeotragus robinsoni Crusafont-Pairó 1979
†Palaeotragus rouenii Gaudry 1861
Invalid names: Achtiaria Borissiak 1914 [synonym]
G. †Progiraffa Pilgrim 1908
G. †Propalaeomeryx Lydekker 1883
G. †Schansitherium Kilgus 1922
+
†Schansitherium quadricornis Kostopoulos 2009
†Schansitherium tafeli Kilgus 1922
Subfm. †Sivatheriinae Zittel 1893
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G. †Indratherium Pilgrim 1910
+
†Indratherium compressus Khan and Sarwar 2002
G. †Sivatherium Falconer and Cautley 1836
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†Sivatherium giganteum Bohlin 1926
†Sivatherium hendeyi Harris 1976
†Sivatherium olduvaiense Singer and Boné 1960
G. †Umbrotherium Hurzeler and Engesser 1976
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†Umbrotherium azzarolii Hurzeler and Engesser 1976
G. †Vishnutherium Lydekker 1876
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†Vishnutherium iravadicum Lydekker 1876
Invalid names: Bohlininae Solounias 2007 [empty], Giraffinae [empty], Sivatheriini Zittel 1893 [empty]
Fm. †Palaeomerycidae Lydekker 1883
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Subfm. †Aletomerycinae Frick 1937
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G. †Aletomeryx Lull 1920
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†Aletomeryx gracilis Lull 1920
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Invalid names: Aletomeryx lugni Frick 1937 [synonym], Aletomeryx scotti Matthew 1924 [synonym], Blastomeryx marshi Lull 1920 [synonym]
†Aletomeryx occidentalis Whistler 1984
Invalid names: Blastomeryx pristinus Cook 1934 [nomen dubium], Dyseomeryx Stirton 1944 [synonym]
G. †Diabolocornis Beatty 2010
+
†Diabolocornis simonsi Beatty 2010
G. †Sinclairomeryx Frick 1937
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†Sinclairomeryx riparius Matthew 1924
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Invalid names: Sinclairomeryx sinclairi Frick 1937 [synonym], Sinclairomeryx tedi Frick 1937 [synonym]
Invalid names: Aletomerycini Frick 1937 [empty]
G. †Amphitragulus Pomel 1847
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†Amphitragulus elegans Pomel 1846
†Amphitragulus minoensis Matsumoto 1918
†Amphitragulus quercyi Filhol 1887
†Amphitragulus validus Dehm 1935
G. †Germanomeryx Rössner 2010
+
†Germanomeryx fahlbuschi Rössner 2010
G. †Heterocemas Young 1937
Subfm. †Palaeomerycinae Lydekker 1883
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G. †Ampelomeryx Duranthon et al. 1995
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†Ampelomeryx ginsburgi Duranthon et al. 1995
G. †Tauromeryx Astibia et al. 1998
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†Tauromeryx turiasonensis Astibia and Morales 1987
G. †Triceromeryx Villalta Commela et al. 1946
+
†Triceromeryx conquensis Rambaut 2014
†Triceromeryx pachecoi Villalta et al. 1946
Invalid names: Hispanocervus Viret 1946 [synonym]
G. †Palaeomeryx von Meyer 1834
+
†Palaeomeryx kaupi von Meyer 1834
†Palaeomeryx magnus Lartet 1851
Invalid names: Sinomeryx Duranthon et al. 1995 [synonym]
G. †Procervulus Gaudry 1877
+
†Procervulus dichotomus Gervais 1849
†Procervulus ginsburgi Azanza 1993
†Procervulus praelucidus Obergfell 1957
G. †Xenokeryx Sánchez et al. 2015
+
†Xenokeryx amidalae Sánchez et al. 2015
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialo
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: ground dwellingo
Diet: grazero
Diet 2: browsero
Reproduction: viviparoussubc
Created: 2005-08-26 14:03:05
Modified: 2005-09-19 12:23:23
Source: o = order, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Hendy et al. 2009, Nowak 1999, Carroll 1988, Lillegraven 1979

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Eocene to the top of the Holocene or 56.00000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 33.9 Ma

Collections (640 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Eocene56.0 - 33.9Spain (Aragon) Amphitragulus sp. (39017)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 28.4Germany Amphitragulus sp. (36984)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 28.4Pakistan (Balochistan) Amphitragulus sp. (78520)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03Mongolia (Övörkhangai) Amphitragulus sp. (182076)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03Kazakhstan (Aktyubinsk) Amphitragulus sp. (175920 175921)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03Kazakhstan Amphitragulus sp. (64413)
MP 2828.4 - 23.03Switzerland Amphitragulus quercyi (184043)
MP 2828.4 - 23.03Germany Amphitragulus quercyi (59886)
MP 2828.4 - 23.03France (Quercy) Amphitragulus quercyi (36715)
MP 2928.4 - 23.03France (Aquitaine) Amphitragulus quercyi (37208)
Chattian28.1 - 23.03Switzerland (Canton Solothurn) Amphitragulus feningrei, Amphitragulus quercyi (182805)
Harrisonian24.8 - 18.5USA (Nebraska) Aletomeryx sp. (17856) Blastomeryx pristinus (17741)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Kenya Canthumeryx sirtensis (70808)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Germany Palaeomeryx kaupi (70362) Palaeomeryx sp. (70361)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Libya Sivatheriinae indet. (13065)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Pakistan (Baluchistan) Progiraffa exigua (180608)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Ukraine Palaeomeryx sansaniensis (75068)
Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene23.03 - 11.608Tanzania Canthumeryx sp. (89015)
Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene23.03 - 11.608Spain (Castile-La Mancha) Procervulus aurelianensis, Palaeomeryx kaupi (136269)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333Pakistan Camelopardalis sivalensis (232183)