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Neohipparion affine
Taxonomy
Hipparion affine was named by Leidy (1869). Its type specimen is USNM 584, a set of teeth (Five uppermolars of one individual; left m1, m2, p4, and right p4, p3), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Porcupine Butte, which is in a Clarendonian terrestrial horizon in the Ash Hollow Formation of South Dakota.
It was recombined as Hippotherium affine by Cope (1889), Cope (1893), Gidley (1903); it was synonymized subjectively with Neohipparion occidentale by McGrew (1938), Gregory (1942), Webb (1969); it was considered a nomen dubium by Macdonald (1992); it was recombined as Neohipparion affine by Gidley (1907), Stirton (1940), MacFadden (1984), Hulbert (1987), MacFadden (1998), May (2019).
It was recombined as Hippotherium affine by Cope (1889), Cope (1893), Gidley (1903); it was synonymized subjectively with Neohipparion occidentale by McGrew (1938), Gregory (1942), Webb (1969); it was considered a nomen dubium by Macdonald (1992); it was recombined as Neohipparion affine by Gidley (1907), Stirton (1940), MacFadden (1984), Hulbert (1987), MacFadden (1998), May (2019).
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1854 | Hippodon speciosus Leidy p. 90 |
| 1856 | Hipparion (Hippodon) speciosum Leidy p. 311 |
| 1857 | Hipparion speciosum Leidy p. 89 |
| 1869 | Hipparion speciosum Leidy |
| 1869 | Hipparion affine Leidy p. 286 figs. Pl. xviii, figS. 20-23 |
| 1873 | Hipparion speciosum Leidy p. 247 |
| 1874 | Hipparion speciosum Marsh |
| 1875 | Hippotherium speciosum Cope |
| 1883 | Hippotherium speciosum Wortman |
| 1887 | Hippotherium speciosum Cope |
| 1889 | Hippotherium affine Cope |
| 1889 | Hippotherium speciosum Cope p. 436 |
| 1889 | Hipparion speciosum Matthew |
| 1893 | Hippotherium affine Cope p. 36 |
| 1896 | Hipparion speciosum Roger |
| 1898 | Hipparion speciosum Trouessart |
| 1902 | Hipparion affine Hay p. 619 |
| 1902 | Hipparion speciosum Hay p. 621 |
| 1903 | Hippotherium affine Gidley |
| 1903 | Neohipparion whitneyi Gidley p. 467 fig. none |
| 1904 | Hipparion whitneyi Osborn |
| 1905 | Neohipparion whitneyi Osborn |
| 1905 | Neohipparion whitneyi Trouessart |
| 1906 | Hipparion dolichops Gidley |
| 1906 | Neohipparion whitneyi Gidley |
| 1906 | Hipparion dolichops Gidley p. 148 figs. 14 - 17 |
| 1907 | Neohipparion dolichops Gidley |
| 1907 | Neohipparion affine Gidley p. 887 |
| 1907 | Neohipparion whitneyi Gidley p. 924 |
| 1909 | Neohipparion speciosum Matthew |
| 1909 | Neohipparion whitneyi Matthew |
| 1913 | Hipparion whitneyi Matthew |
| 1914 | Neohipparion speciosum Hay |
| 1915 | Hipparion speciosum Cope and Matthew |
| 1915 | Merychippus speciosum Cope and Matthew |
| 1917 | Hipparion whitneyi Matthew |
| 1918 | Hipparion affine Osborn p. 178 figs. Text Fig. 141 |
| 1918 | Hipparion whitneyi Osborn p. 181 figs. Plates 31.1,2, 32.1, 39.1,4, 51.3,6, Text Figs. 51, 144 |
| 1918 | Hipparion dolichops Osborn p. 182 figs. Text Fig. 145 |
| 1924 | Neohipparion whitneyi Matthew |
| 1930 | Hipparion dolichops Hay |
| 1930 | Hipparion whitneyi Hay |
| 1930 | Hipparion whitneyi Matthew and Stirton |
| 1940 | Neohipparion affine Stirton p. 183 |
| 1940 | Neohipparion dolichops Stirton p. 183 |
| 1940 | Neohipparion whitneyi Stirton p. 183 |
| 1942 | Neohipparion whitneyi Gregory |
| 1955 | Hippodon speciosus Quinn p. 13 |
| 1984 | Neohipparion affine MacFadden p. 90 figs. 8, 15, 47-50, 63-69, 147, 150 |
| 1987 | Neohipparion affine Hulbert, Jr. p. 812 figs. 1.1, 1.2 |
| 1998 | Neohipparion affine MacFadden p. 548 |
| 2019 | Neohipparion affine May |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
†Neohipparion affine Leidy 1869
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Invalid names: Hippotherium speciosum Leidy 1854 [synonym], Neohipparion dolichops Gidley 1906 [synonym], Neohipparion whitneyi Gidley 1903 [synonym]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| J. W. Gidley 1903 (Neohipparion whitneyi) | Specificcharacters.-SizeaboutequaltoNeohipparionoccidentale,but enamelfoldingsmuch more simple,evenmore simplethaninN. afine. N.whitneyifurtherdiffersfromN. afineinthemuch strongerdevelop- mentofthestylesoftheectoloph. Protoconerelativelylargeand verymuchelongatedincross-sectionanteroposteriorly. Outerwall of the protocone flat and slightly folded inward, as is usual in Equus caballus. Metapodialsverylongandslender. Lateraldigitsgreatly reduced, their terminal phalanges not extending to the distal end of the first phalanx of the median digit. | |
| H. F. Osborn 1918 | (Leidy, 1869) (1) An animal of larger size than the type of Hippodnn speciosum, about the size and proportions of Hipparinnoccidentale or the existing Equua aainua. (2) Molars differing from those of H. occidentale in the simple enamel plications, which are not more folded than in the horse.. (Leidy, p. 286) Type a younger individual than the type of H. occidentale, the molars comparatively little worn; m2 not sufficiently worn to exhibit the inner enamel plications. Internal enamel column [protocone] proportionately wider than in Hippodnn specioaum and absolutely wider than in Hipparion occidentale. (Matthew; 1913) (1) Protocone wide and flattened, oval from summit to base; (2) fossette borders with a few large plications, in little worn stage simple, with folds inconspicuous in half worn stage; (3) pli caballin persists in half worn teeth. | |
| H. F. Osborn 1918 (Hipparion dolichops) | (Gidley, 1906, 1907) (1) About equal in size to Hipparion affine Leidy; (2) differing from H. affine in
(a) the more open fossettes of the upper teeth, (b) the greater complexity of the enamel foldings, (c) the proportionately smaller and more rounded protocones; (3) differing from H. oeeidentale Leidy in (a) its smaller size, and (b) in the different proportions of the premolars, which are relatively broader transversely; (4) differing from H. whitneyi Gidley in (a) its smaller size, (b) in the greater number of folds in the enamel walls of the metaloph in the upper teeth, (c) the more open fossettes, (d) the more rounded form of the protocones, (e) in the extreme forward position of the infraorbital foramen, which is placed directly above the space between p2 and p3, while (f) the masseter ridge extends but little farther forward than in H, whitneyi. (5) The jaw is much longer and more slender than in H. whitneyi or in other known Miocene species of horse; (6) the preorbital portion of the skull also is proportionately longer than the average of a dozen specimens of Equus eahallus examined by the author. | |
| H. F. Osborn 1918 (Hipparion whitneyi) | (Gidley, 1907, p. 924) (1) Size about equal to Hipparion occidentale, but enamel foldings much
more simple, even more simple than in H. affine; (2) H. whitneyi further differs from H. affine in the much stronger development of the styles of the ectoloph; (3) protocone relatively large and very much elongated in cross section antero- posteriorly; (4) inner, or lingual, wall of the protocone flat and slightly depressed, as is usual in Equus caballus. (5) Metapodials very long and slender; (6) lateral digits greatly reduced, their terminal phalanges not extending to the distal end of the first phalanx of the median digit. | |
| J. H. Quinn 1955 (Hippodon speciosus) | Molar truncate - wedge shaped with base of crown transversely wide and summit of crown transverselynarrow; external face slightly concave; parastylid weak and sloping diagonally across anterior face of tooth; metaconid and metastylid separated by a persistent valley; flexids shallow; entoconid flat- tened internally; protoconid and hypo- conid triangular; median valley extended between the flexids; no pli caballinid; hy- poconulid prominent and wide trans- versely; tooth subhypsodont. | |
| B. J. MacFadden 1984 | Same as for generic diagnosis with the following specific characters: DPOF poorly developed and fades onto the surrounding cheek region. Posteriorly, DPOF relatively shallow, not pocketed, and not rimmed. Posterior extent of this fossa developed on the nasal and maxillary bones or on the lacrimal bone. Mean TRL 142.47 mm. Cheek tooth dentition moderately hypsodont. Unworn or little-worn MlMSTHT ca. 42-50mm. Protocone elongate. Ectoflexids relatively deep. Neohipparion affine differs from other hipparions (and all other horse genera) in the diagnostic generic characters (se eabove). In particular, N.affine differs from the merychippine outgroup and N. coloradense in its greatersize,increasedhypsodonty,andnu-
merousdentalcharacters,suchasfullyiso- lated and elongated protocones and expan- sionofconidsand stylids.N. afinedifers from N. trampasense in its larger size and more primitive dental pattern; from N. lep- tode in a more primitive dental pattern; N. eurystyle in lower crown height, larger size, and more primitive dental pattern; and from N.gidleyi in lower crown height, smaller size, and more primitive dental pattern. | |
| R. C. Hulbert 1987 | Larger than N. tram- pasense or N. eurystyle; UTRL and ltrl about 135-1 50 mm. Unworn M 12 MSCH about 56 mm. Relatively simple fossettes; pli caballin single; pli caballinid prominent on slightly worn p2-p4 only. DPOF poorly developed (but strong relative to other species of Neohipparion), shallow, posteriorly developed on large lacrimal bone. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: g = genus, subf = subfamily, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002, MacFadden 1998, Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988, MacFadden and Cerling 1996 | |||||
Age range: base of the Late/Upper Miocene to the top of the Clarendonian or 11.60800 to 9.40000 Ma
Collections (20 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Miocene | USA (South Dakota) | Neohipparion whitneyi (18038 18113 18114) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (Nebraska) | Neohipparion affine (18095 18143 18171 18221 18227 18324 18336 188779) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (Texas) | Neohipparion affine (18179 18244 18611) Neohipparion sp. (18610) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (Kansas) | Neohipparion affine (18449) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (South Dakota) | Neohipparion affine (type locality: 18325) | |
| Clarendonian - Hemphillian | USA (South Dakota) | Neohipparion dolichops, Neohipparion whitneyi (18087) | |
| Clarendonian - Hemphillian | USA (Nebraska) | Neohipparion affine (18256) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Guatemala | Neohipparion affine (18716) |