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Epitonium (Scala)
Taxonomy
Scala was named by Humphrey.
It was reranked as Epitonium (Scala) by Dall and Bartsch (1910).
It was assigned to Scalidae by Martin (1904); and to Epitonium by Dall and Bartsch (1910).
It was reranked as Epitonium (Scala) by Dall and Bartsch (1910).
It was assigned to Scalidae by Martin (1904); and to Epitonium by Dall and Bartsch (1910).
Subtaxa
Species lacking formal opinion data
Epitonium charitopolos, Epitonium emydoneus, Epitonium expectatum, Epitonium foliaceicostatum, Epitonium foliaceicostum, Epitonium foliaceicostum, Epitonium foliaceicostum, Epitonium foliaceiscostatum, Epitonium gabbi, Epitonium groenlandica, Epitonium humphreysi, Epitonium imperiale, Epitonium krebsii, Epitonium leroyi, Epitonium multiliniferum, Epitonium muricatum, Epitonium novangliae, Epitonium paytens, Epitonium replicata, Epitonium rushii, Epitonium sculptatum, Epitonium sericifilum, Epitonium suboptima, Epitonium venezuelense, Scala dollfusi, Scala frondiculoides, Scala pseudogallica, Scala spinosa
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1904 | Scala Martin p. 212 |
| 1910 | Epitonium (Scala) Dall and Bartsch p. 13 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subg. †Epitonium (Scala) Humphrey
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Subg. Scala (Fuscoscala) Monterosato 1890
Subg. Scala (Spiniscala) De Boury 1909
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†Epitonium (Spiniscala) loripanum Pilsbry and Olsson 1941
†Spiniscala alidotum Woodring 1928
†Spiniscala etolium Woodring 1928
Subg. Scala (Subuliscala) de Boury 1909
Subg. Scala (Viciniscala) de Boury 1909
Scala crebricostata Carpenter 1863
†Scala marylandica Martin 1904
†Scala octolineata Conrad 1860
†Scala ranellina Dall 1896
†Scala sillimani Morton 1834
†Scala virginiana Clark 1895
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: g = genus, f = family, c = class | |||||
| References: Kiessling 2004, Beu et al. 1990, Abbott and Dance 1986 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Albian to the top of the Middle Pleistocene or 113.00000 to 0.12900 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 100.5 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 100.5 Ma
Collections (44 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albian | Madagascar (Mahajanga) | Scala franciscae, Scala odilae (86497) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | USA (Tennessee) | Scala sillimani (88357) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | Israel | Scala sp. (80998) | |
| Maastrichtian | USA (Texas) | Scala sp. (205408) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (Alabama) | Scala sillimani (4189 4193) | |
| Paleocene | Austria (Salzburg) | Scala sp. (84335) | |
| Late/Upper Paleocene | USA (Virginia) | Scala virginiana (84048) | |
| Lutetian | USA (Texas) | Scala sp. (205436 205440) | |
| Lutetian | France (Centre) | Scala pseudogallica, Scala terebralis, Scala mirabilis, Scala dollfusi, Scala subvaricosa, Scala crebricostellata (178085) | |
| Bartonian | Netherlands | Scala spirata (3717) | |
| Bartonian | USA (Alabama) | Scala sp., Cirsotrema octolineatum (205489) | |
| Bartonian | USA (Texas) | Scala sp. (205266 205267 205410 205411 205430) Scala spp. (205480) | |
| Priabonian | Germany (Bavaria) | Scala sp. (10703) | |
| Priabonian | Italy | Scala bryozoophila (78565) Scala sp. (78617) | |
| Burdigalian | Germany | Epitonium sp. (111599) | |
| Burdigalian | USA (Florida) | Epitonium virginiae (42443) | |
| Langhian | France (Centre) | Scala subvaricosa (179581) | |
| Middle Miocene | Poland | Scala sp., Scala spinosa (70539) | |
| Serravallian | USA (Florida) | Epitonium sp. (111204) | |
| Serravallian | USA (Maryland) | Scala marylandica (70856 79115) Scala sp. (79106 79109 79113 79114) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Australia (South Australia) | Scala sp. (63432) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Italy | Scala sp. (78335 78338) Scala sp. 1, Scala sp. 2 (78336) | |
| Zanclean | Spain (Huelva) | Scala frondiculoides, Scala tenuicosta (71916) | |
| Zanclean | Belgium (Antwerp) | Scala foliacea (179597) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | Jamaica | Epitonium gabbi, Epitonium etolium, Epitonium alidotum (58522) | |
| Piacenzian | Ecuador (Manabi) | Epitonium loripanum (51880) | |
| Gelasian | Italy | Scala tenuicosta (178457) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Morocco | Scala communis, Scala crenata (127581) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Ireland | Scala greenlandicum (178118) |