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Equidae (horse)

Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Equidae

Discussion

The odd-toed ungulate family Equidae includes all living and fossil horses. It spread throughout the northern hemisphere shortly after it originated in the earliest Eocene and reached Africa by the late Miocene. It was diverse and abundant in North America throughout the Cenozoic, and several subclades including the low-crowned anchitheriines, the high-crowned hipparionines, and the modern genus Equus emigrated to the Old World at different times.

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Taxonomy
Equidae was named by Gray (1821). It is extant.

It was assigned to Monochenae by Gray (1821); to Ungulata by Gray (1825); to Belluae by Bonaparte (1850); to Solidungula by Leidy (1873); to Perissodactyla by Flower and Lydekker (1891), Lambe (1908); to Chelodactyla by Scott (1913); to Hippomorpha by Forsten (1975), Thurmond and Jones (1981); to Hippomorpha by Froehlich (2002); to Equoidea by Hay (1902), Bernor (1985), Carroll (1988), Prothero and Schoch (1989), Hooker (1994), Hooker and Dashzeveg (2004), Franzen (2006); to Perissodactyla by Cope (1889), Dos Santos Avilla et al. (2015); and to Perissodactyla by Cope (1881), Flower (1883), Lance (1950), Quinn (1955), Quinn (1957), Mooser (1958), Johnson (1966), Mooser (1968), Sondaar (1974), Kurten and Anderson (1980), MacFadden (1986), Baskin (1991), Nowak (1991), Wilson and Reeder (2005), Hulbert and Whitmore (2006), MacFadden (2009), Rose et al. (2012), Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al. (2014), Eshelman et al. (2018), Lofgren et al. (2020).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1821Equidae Gray p. 307
1825Equidae Gray p. 342
1850Equidae Bonaparte p. 1
1873Equidae Leidy p. 321
1881Equidae Cope p. 400
1883Equidae Flower p. 185
1889Equidae Cope p. 876
1891Equidae Flower and Lydekker p. 90
1902Equidae Hay p. 608
1908Equidae Lambe
1913Equidae Scott p. 290
1950Equidae Lance
1955Equidae Quinn
1957Equidae Quinn p. 10
1958Equidae Mooser p. 360
1966Equidae Johnson p. 80
1968Equidae Mooser p. 1
1974Equidae Sondaar
1975Equidae Forsten p. 3
1980Equidae Kurten and Anderson p. 283
1981Equidae Thurmond and Jones p. 183
1985Equidae Bernor
1986Equidae MacFadden p. 467
1988Equidae Carroll
1989Equidae Prothero and Schoch p. 531
1991Equidae Baskin p. 999
1991Equidae Nowak
1994Equidae Hooker
2002Equidae Froehlich p. 159 fig. 1
2004Equidae Hooker and Dashzeveg p. 1374
2005Equidae Wilson and Reeder
2006Equidae Franzen
2006Equidae Hulbert and Whitmore p. 13
2009Equidae MacFadden
2012Equidae Rose et al.
2014Equidae Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al. p. 204
2015Equidae Dos Santos Avilla et al. pp. 925909-3
2018Equidae Eshelman et al. p. 8
2020Equidae Lofgren et al.

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
—Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
RankNameAuthor
—Mammaliamorpha
—Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
—Cladotheria
—Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
—Eutheria()
—Placentalia
—Boreoeutheria
—Laurasiatheria
—Scrotifera
—Euungulata
—Panperissodactyla
superorderPerissodactylamorpha
orderPerissodactyla()
superfamilyEquoidea
familyEquidae
familyEquidae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Equidae Gray 1821 [horse]
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Subfm. †Anchitheriinae Leidy 1869 [anchitheriine horse]
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G. †Anchitherium von Meyer 1844
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Subg. †Anchitherium (Hypohippus) Leidy 1858
Subg. †Anchitherium (Parahippus) Leidy 1858
†Anchitherium clarencei Simpson 1932
†Anchitherium hypohippoides Matsumoto 1924
†Anchitherium zitteli Schlosser 1903
G. †Archaeohippus Gidley 1906
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Invalid names: Archaeohippus nanus Simpson 1932 [synonym], Parahippus minutalis Hay 1924 [synonym]
†Archaeohippus mannulus O'Sullivan 2003
†Archaeohippus minimus Douglass 1899
†Archaeohippus mourningi Merriam 1913
†Archaeohippus penultimus Matthew 1924
†Archaeohippus ultimus Cope 1886
G. †Desmatippus Scott 1893
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†Desmatippus avus Marsh 1874
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Invalid names: Anchippus brevidens Marsh 1874 [synonym]
†Desmatippus crenidens Scott 1893
†Desmatippus integer Matthew 1924
†Desmatippus nebrascensis Peterson 1907
†Desmatippus texanus Leidy 1868
†Desmatippus tyleri Loomis 1908
Invalid names: Anchippus Leidy 1868 [synonym]
G. †Hypohippus Leidy 1858
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†Hypohippus affinis Leidy 1858
†Hypohippus chico MacFadden 1982
†Hypohippus equinus Scott 1893
†Hypohippus nevadensis Merriam 1913
†Hypohippus osborni Gidley 1907
†Hypohippus pertinax Matthew 1918
Invalid names: Hypohippus (Drymohippus) Merriam 1913 [nomen dubium]
G. †Kalobatippus Osborn 1915
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†Kalobatippus agatensis Osborn 1918
†Kalobatippus australis Leidy 1873
†Kalobatippus avus Schlaikjer 1935
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Invalid names: Kalobatippus gracilis Marsh 1892 [synonym]
G. †Megahippus McGrew 1938
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†Megahippus matthewi Barbour 1914
†Megahippus mckennai Tedford and Alf 1962
G. †Mesohippus Marsh 1875
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†Mesohippus bairdi Leidy 1850
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Invalid names: Mesohippus hypostylus Osborn 1904 [synonym], Mesohippus proteulophus Osborn 1904 [synonym], Mesohippus viejensis Clark and Beerbower 1967 [synonym]
†Mesohippus barbouri Schlaikjer 1931
†Mesohippus celer Marsh 1874
†Mesohippus exoletus Cope 1874
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Invalid names: Mesohippus trigonostylus Osborn 1918 [synonym]
†Mesohippus latidens Douglass 1903
†Mesohippus propinquus Lambe 1905
†Mesohippus texanus McGrew 1971
†Mesohippus westoni Cope 1889
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Invalid names: Mesohippus montanensis Osborn 1904 [synonym], Mesohippus praecocidens Lambe 1905 [synonym]
Invalid names: Mesohippus cuneatus Cope 1873 [nomen dubium]
G. †Miohippus Marsh 1874
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†Miohippus anceps Marsh 1874
†Miohippus annectens Marsh 1874
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Invalid names: Miohippus crassicuspis Osborn 1904 [synonym]
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Invalid names: Mesohippus planidens Lambe 1905 [synonym]
†Miohippus condoni Leidy 1870
†Miohippus equiceps Cope 1878
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Invalid names: Anchitherium brachylophum Cope 1878 [synonym], Mesohippus acutidens Sinclair 1905 [synonym]
†Miohippus equinanus Osborn 1918
†Miohippus gemmarosae Osborn 1918
†Miohippus gidleyi Osborn 1904
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Invalid names: Mesohippus grallipes Sinclair 1925 [synonym], Miohippus validus Osborn 1904 [synonym]
†Miohippus grandis Clark and Beerbower 1967
†Miohippus intermedius Osborn and Wortman 1895
†Miohippus obliquidens Osborn 1904
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Invalid names: Mesohippus brachystylus Osborn 1904 [synonym], Mesohippus eulophus Osborn 1904 [synonym], Mesohippus meteulophus Osborn 1904 [synonym], Pediohippus antiquus Schlaikjer 1935 [synonym]
†Miohippus primus Osborn 1918
†Miohippus quartus Osborn 1918
†Miohippus taxus Douglass 1908
Invalid names: Altippus Douglass 1908 [synonym], Anchitherium longicristis Cope 1878 [nomen dubium], Pediohippus Schlaikjer 1935 [synonym]
G. †Parahippus Leidy 1858
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†Parahippus agrestis Leidy 1873
†Parahippus atavus Osborn 1918
†Parahippus cognatus Leidy 1858
†Parahippus coloradensis Gidley 1907
†Parahippus leonensis Sellards 1916
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Invalid names: Merychippus socius Hay 1924 [synonym], Parahippus barbouri White 1942 [synonym], Parahippus vellicans Hay 1924 [synonym]
†Parahippus maxsoni Jahns 1940
†Parahippus pawniensis Gidley 1907
†Parahippus pristinus Osborn 1918
†Parahippus wyomingensis Schlaikjer 1935
G. †Sinohippus Zhai 1962
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†Sinohippus sampelayoi Villalta and Crusafont 1945
Invalid names: Anchitherium australe Leidy 1873 [nomen dubium]
G. †Duchesnehippus Peterson 1932
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†Duchesnehippus intermedius Peterson 1932
G. †Eohippus Marsh 1876
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†Eohippus angustidens Cope 1875
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Invalid names: Eohippus validus Marsh 1876 [synonym], Hyracotherium cuspidatum Cope 1875 [synonym], Hyracotherium seekinsi Morris 1968 [synonym]
†Eohippus borealis Granger 1908
†Eohippus cristatus Wortman 1896
†Eohippus cristonensis Cope 1877
†Eohippus resartus Granger 1908
G. †Epihippus Marsh 1878
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Subg. †Epihippus (Duchesnehippus) Peterson 1932
Subg. †Epihippus (Epihippus) Stirton 1940
†Epihippus gracilis Marsh 1871
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Invalid names: Epihippus parvus Granger 1908 [synonym]
†Epihippus uintensis Marsh 1875
Subfm. Equinae Steinmann and Döderlein 1890
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G. †Acritohippus Kelly 1995
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†Acritohippus isonesus Cope 1889
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Invalid names: Merychippus praecocidens Russell 1933 [synonym]
†Acritohippus quinni Kelly 1995
†Acritohippus stylodontus Merriam 1919
†Acritohippus tertius Osborn 1918
Tr. Equini Quinn 1955 [horse]
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G. †Allohippus Kretzoi 1938
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†Allohippus stenonis Cocchi 1867
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G. †Boreohippidion Dos Santos Avilla et al. 2015
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†Boreohippidion galushai MacFadden and Skinner 1979
G. †Calippus Matthew and Stirton 1930
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Subg. †Calippus (Calippus) Matthew and Stirton 1930
Subg. †Calippus (Grammohippus) Hulbert, Jr. 1988
†Calippus cerasinus Hulbert, Jr. 1988
†Calippus circulus Quinn 1955
†Calippus elachistus Hulbert, Jr. 1988
†Calippus hondurensis Olson and McGrew 1941
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Invalid names: Calippus castilli Cope 1886 [synonym]
†Calippus maccartyi Hulbert, Jr. 1988
†Calippus martini Hesse 1936
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Invalid names: Equus laparensis Quinn 1955 [synonym]
†Calippus placidus Leidy 1869
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Invalid names: Calippus optimus Quinn 1955 [synonym]
†Calippus proplacidus Osborn 1918
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Invalid names: Calippus francisi Hay 1924 [synonym]
†Calippus regulus Johnston 1937
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Invalid names: Calippus anatinus Quinn 1955 [synonym]
G. †Dinohippus Quinn 1955
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†Dinohippus leardi Drescher 1941
†Dinohippus leidyanus Osborn 1918
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Invalid names: Pliohippus edensis Frick 1921 [synonym]
†Dinohippus mexicanus Lance 1950
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Invalid names: Equus (Dolichohippus) mesamexicanus Mooser 1973 [synonym], Hippotigris ocotensis Mooser 1958 [synonym], Protohippus muelleri Mooser 1964 [synonym]
†Dinohippus osborni Frick 1921
†Dinohippus spectans Cope 1880
†Dinohippus subvenus Quinn 1955
G. Equus Linnaeus 1758 [horse]
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Subg. Equus (Hemionus) Stehlin and Graziosi 1935
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Equus (Hemionus) hemionus Pallas 1775 [onager]
Subg. †Equus (Hesperohippus) Hibbard 1955
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Invalid names: Equus midlandensis Quinn 1957 [synonym], Onager oviedoi Mooser 1959 [synonym]
Subg. †Equus (Sussemionus) Eisenmann 2010
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Equus africanus Heuglin and Fitzinger 1866 [African wild ass]
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Equus africanus africanus Heuglin and Fitzinger 1866 [Nubian wild ass]
Equus africanus somaliensis Noack 1884 [Somali wild ass]
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Invalid names: Equus asinus aethiopicus Denman 1957 [synonym]
Invalid names: Asinus asinus dianae Dollman 1935 [synonym]
†Equus alaskae Winans 1989
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Invalid names: Equus lambei Hay 1917 [synonym]
Equus asinus Linnaeus 1758 [donkey]
†Equus australis Moreno 1888
Equus caballus Linnaeus 1758 [horse]
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Equus caballus ferus Boddaert 1785
Invalid names: Equus (Amerhippus) neogeus Lund 1840 [synonym], Equus hippagrus Smith 1841 [synonym]
†Equus calobatus Troxell 1915
†Equus capensis Broom 1909
†Equus cedralensis Alberdi et al. 2014
†Equus coliemensis Lazarev 1980
†Equus complicatus Leidy 1858
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Invalid names: Equus americanus Leidy 1847 [replaced], Equus eous Cope 1895 [synonym], Equus major DeKay 1842 [synonym]
†Equus conversidens Owen 1869
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Invalid names: Equus barcenaei Cope 1884 [synonym], Onager zoyatalis Mooser 1959 [synonym]
†Equus eisenmannae Qiu et al. 2004
†Equus excelsus Leidy 1858
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Invalid names: Asinus aguascalentensis Mooser 1959 [synonym], Onager arellanoi Mooser 1959 [synonym], Onager hibbardi Mooser 1959 [synonym]
†Equus francisci Hay 1915
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Invalid names: Equus (Asinus) calobatus Troxell 1915 [synonym], Equus arrelanoi Mooser 1958 [synonym], Equus quinni Slaughter et al. 1962 [synonym]
†Equus fraternus Leidy 1858
†Equus fromanius Repenning et al. 1995
†Equus giganteus Gidley 1901
†Equus holmesi Hay 1920
†Equus intermedius Cope 1895
†Equus intermedius Rütimeyer 1877
†Equus jubatus Hay 1927
†Equus laurentius Hay 1913
†Equus mexicanus Hibbard 1955
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Invalid names: Equus occidentalis Leidy 1865 [synonym], Equus pacificus Leidy 1868 [synonym], Equus scotti Gidley 1900 [synonym]
†Equus nalaikhaensis Kuznetsova and Zhegallo 1996
†Equus nearcticus Blake 1863
†Equus nevadanus Hay 1927
†Equus niobrarensis Hay 1913
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Invalid names: Equus hatcheri Hay 1915 [synonym]
†Equus nobisi Pichardo 2004
†Equus pectinatus Cope 1901
Equus przewalskii Poliakov 1881 [Przewalski's horse]
†Equus pseudaltidens Hulbert, Jr. 1995
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Invalid names: Onager altidens Quinn 1957 [replaced]
Equus quagga Boddaert 1785 [plains zebra]
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Equus quagga boehmi Matschie 1892
Equus quagga burchelli Gray 1824 [Burchell's zebra]
Equus quagga crawshayi De Winton 1896
Equus quagga quagga Boddaert 1785
Equus quagga borensis Lönnberg 1922
†Equus sanmeniensis Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau 1930
†Equus santaeelenae Spillmann 1938
†Equus sivalensis Falconer and Cautley 1849
†Equus tabeti Arambourg 1970
†Equus yunnanensis Colbert 1940
Equus zebra Linnaeus 1758 [mountain zebra]
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Equus zebra hartmannae Matschie 1898 [Hartmann's mountain zebra]
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Invalid names: Equus matschiei Zukowsky 1924 [synonym], Equus penricei Thomas 1900 [synonym]
Equus zebra zebra Linnaeus 1758 [Cape mountain zebra]
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Invalid names: Equus campestris Gray 1852 [synonym], Equus indica Trouessart 1898 [synonym], Equus montanus Burchell 1822 [synonym], Equus zebra frederici Trouessart 1905 [synonym]
Invalid names: Allozebra Trumler 1961 [synonym], Asinus Gray 1822 [synonym], Asinus africanus aegyptiacus Heuglin and Fitzinger 1866 [synonym], Dolichohippus Heller 1912 [synonym], Equus (Amerhippus) Hoffstetter 1950 [invalid subgroup], Equus (Parastilidequus) Mooser and Dalquest 1975 [invalid subgroup], Equus africanus somalicus Sclater 1884 [synonym], Equus leidyi Hay 1913 [nomen vanum], Equus parastylidens Mooser 1959 [nomen dubium], Equus semiplicatus Cope 1893 [nomen dubium], Equus taeniopus Heuglin 1861 [nomen dubium], Haringtonhippus Heintzman et al. 2017 [synonym], Hippotherium princeps Leidy 1890 [nomen dubium], Hippotigris Hamilton-Smith 1841 [synonym], Kolpohippus van Hoepen 1930 [synonym], Kraterohippus van Hoepen 1930 [synonym], Neohippus Abel 1913 [synonym], Onager Brisson 1762 [synonym], Sterrohippus van Hopen 1930 [synonym], Tomolabis Cope 1892 [synonym]
G. †Heteropliohippus Kelly 1995
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G. †Hippidion Owen 1869
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†Hippidion angulatus Ameghino 1889
†Hippidion devillei Gervais 1855
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Invalid names: Onohippidium bolivianum Philippi 1893 [synonym]
†Hippidion principale Lund 1846
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Invalid names: Onohippidium munizi Moreno 1891 [synonym]
†Hippidion saldiasi Roth 1899
Subg. †Hippidium (Plagiohippus) Ameghino 1908
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†Plagiohippus chapalmalensis Ameghino 1908
†Hippidium bonaerense Ameghino 1907
†Hippidium entrerianum Ameghino 1886
†Hippidium principale Lund 1846
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Invalid names: Hippidion compressidens Ameghino 1889 [synonym]
Invalid names: Onohippidium Moreno 1891 [synonym], Parahipparion Ameghino 1904 [synonym]
G. †Parapliohippus Kelly 1995
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†Parapliohippus carrizoensis Dougherty 1940
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Invalid names: Merychippus tehachapiensis Buwalda and Lewis 1955 [synonym]
G. †Plesippus Matthew 1924
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†Plesippus francescana Frick 1921
†Plesippus idahoensis Merriam 1918
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Invalid names: Equus achates Hay and Cook 1930 [synonym], Equus pons Quinn 1958 [synonym], Equus shoshonensis Gidley 1930 [synonym], Equus tau Owen 1869 [synonym]
Subtr. Pliohippina Prado and Alberdi 1996
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G. †Astrohippus Stirton 1940
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†Astrohippus ansae Matthew and Stirton 1930
†Astrohippus stockii Lance 1950
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Invalid names: Astrohippus albidens Mooser 1968 [synonym]
G. †Pliohippus Marsh 1874
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Subg. †Pliohippus (Astrohippus) Stirton 1940
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Subg. †Pliohippus (Pliohippus) Stirton 1940
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†Pliohippus bakeri Azzaroli 1988
†Pliohippus coalingensis Merriam 1914
†Pliohippus fossulatus Cope 1893
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Invalid names: Protohippus pachyops Cope 1893 [synonym]
†Pliohippus mirabilis Leidy 1858
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Invalid names: Merychippus campestris Gidley 1907 [synonym]
†Pliohippus nobilis Osborn 1918
†Pliohippus pernix Marsh 1874
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Invalid names: Pliohippus lullianus Troxell 1916 [synonym], Pliohippus robustus Marsh 1874 [synonym]
†Pliohippus potosinus Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al. 2014
†Pliohippus tantalus Merriam 1913
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Invalid names: Pliohippus fairbanksi Merriam 1915 [synonym]
†Pliohippus tehonensis Merriam 1915
Invalid names: Pliohippus gracilis Marsh 1892 [nomen dubium]
G. †Protohippus Leidy 1858
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Subg. †Protohippus (Calippus) Matthew and Stirton 1930
†Protohippus gidleyi Hulbert, Jr. 1988
†Protohippus parvulus Marsh 1868
†Protohippus perditus Leidy 1858
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Invalid names: Eoequus wilsoni Quinn 1955 [synonym], Protohippus profectus Cope 1889 [synonym]
†Protohippus supremus Leidy 1869
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Invalid names: Hippotigris clarendonensis Quinn 1955 [synonym], Hippotigris parastylus Quinn 1955 [synonym], Hippotigris sellardsi Quinn 1955 [synonym], Protohippus simus Gidley 1906 [synonym]
†Protohippus tantalus Merriam 1913
†Protohippus vetus Quinn 1955
Invalid names: Eoequus Quinn 1955 [synonym], Protohippus medius Cope 1892 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Equus proversus Merriam 1916 [nomen dubium], Protohippina Quinn 1955 [empty]
Tr. †Hipparionini Quinn 1955 [hipparionine horse]
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G. †Cormohipparion Skinner and MacFadden 1977
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Subg. †Cormohipparion (Cormohipparion) Hulbert 1988
†Cormohipparion emsliei Hulbert, Jr. 1988
†Cormohipparion fricki Woodburne 2007
†Cormohipparion goorisi MacFadden and Skinner 1981
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Invalid names: Protohippus lenticularis Cope 1893 [synonym]
†Cormohipparion johnsoni Woodburne 2007
†Cormohipparion matthewi Woodburne 2007
†Cormohipparion merriami Woodburne 2007
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Invalid names: Hipparion mohavense Merriam 1913 [synonym], Hipparion mohavense callodonte Merriam 1915 [synonym], Hipparion platystyle Merriam 1915 [synonym]
†Cormohipparion quinni Woodburne 1996
†Cormohipparion skinneri Woodburne 2007
G. †Eurygnathohippus Van Hoepen 1930
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†Eurygnathohippus afarense Eisenmann 1976
†Eurygnathohippus baardi Bone and Singer 1965
†Eurygnathohippus cornelianus van Hoepen 1930
†Eurygnathohippus hasumense Eisenmann 1983
†Eurygnathohippus namaquense Haughton 1932
†Eurygnathohippus turkanense Hooijer and Maglio 1974
Invalid names: Notohipparion Haughton 1932 [synonym]
G. †Hipparion de Christol 1832
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Subg. †Hipparion (Proboscidipparion) Sefve 1927
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†Hipparion campbelli Bernor 1985
†Hipparion chiai Liu et al. 1978
†Hipparion concudense Pirlot 1956
†Hipparion condoni Merriam 1915
†Hipparion crassum Gervais 1859
†Hipparion depereti Sondaar 1974
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Invalid names: Hipparion gracile Guerin and Mein 1971 [synonym]
†Hipparion dietrichi Wehrli 1941
†Hipparion fissurae Crusafont and Sondaar 1971
†Hipparion forcei Richey 1948
†Hipparion gettyi Bernor 1985
†Hipparion gromovae Villalta and Crusafont 1957
†Hipparion laromae Pesquero et al. 2006
†Hipparion longipes Gromova 1952
†Hipparion macedonicum Koufos 1984
†Hipparion matthewi Abel 1926
†Hipparion mediterraneum Roth and Wagner 1855
†Hipparion minus Pavlow 1890
†Hipparion molayanense Zouhri 1992
†Hipparion periafricanum Villalta and Crusafont 1957
†Hipparion phlegrae Lazaridis and Tsoukala 2014
†Hipparion prostylum Gervais 1849
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Invalid names: Hipparion diplostylum Gervais 1849 [synonym], Hipparion mesostylum Gervais 1849 [synonym]
†Hipparion richthofeni Koken 1885
†Hipparion rocinantis Hernández Pacheco 1921
†Hipparion shirleyae MacFadden 1984
†Hipparion tehonense Merriam 1916
†Hipparion theniusi Melentis 1969
†Hipparion weihoense Liu et al. 1978
Invalid names: Hemihipparion Wehrli 1941 [synonym], Hipparion sellardsi Matthew and Stirton 1930 [nomen nudum], Hipparion sitifense Pomel 1897 [nomen dubium], Hipparitherium Christol 1847 [synonym], Stylohipparion van Hoepen 1932 [synonym]
G. †Hippotherium Kaup 1832
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†Hippotherium primigenium von Meyer 1829
G. †Nannippus Matthew 1926
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†Nannippus aztecus Mooser 1968
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Invalid names: Hipparion minus Sellards 1916 [synonym]
†Nannippus beckensis Dalquest and Donovan 1973
†Nannippus morgani Hulbert, Jr. 1993
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Invalid names: Equus minutus Cope 1893 [synonym], Equus phlegon Hay 1899 [synonym], Hipparion cragini Hay 1917 [synonym], Nannippus hesperides Mooser 1968 [synonym], Nannippus montezumae Leidy 1882 [synonym]
†Nannippus westoni Simpson 1930
G. †Neohipparion Gidley 1903
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†Neohipparion affine Leidy 1869
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Invalid names: Hippotherium speciosum Leidy 1854 [synonym], Neohipparion dolichops Gidley 1906 [synonym], Neohipparion whitneyi Gidley 1903 [synonym]
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Invalid names: Hesperohipparion stirtoni Dalquest 1981 [synonym], Hippotherium rectidens Cope 1886 [synonym], Neohipparion arellanoi Stirton 1955 [synonym], Neohipparion floresi Stirton 1955 [synonym], Neohipparion molle Merriam 1915 [synonym], Neohipparion monias Mooser 1963 [synonym], Neohipparion otomii Mooser 1959 [synonym], Neohipparion phosphorum Simpson 1930 [synonym]
†Neohipparion gidleyi Merriam 1915
†Neohipparion leptode Merriam 1915
†Neohipparion trampasense Edwards 1982
Invalid names: Hesperohipparion Dalquest 1981 [synonym], Neohipparion sanjuanensis Frick 1933 [nomen nudum]
G. †Pseudhipparion Ameghino 1904
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†Pseudhipparion gratum Leidy 1869
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Invalid names: Neohipparion niobrarense Gidley 1906 [synonym]
†Pseudhipparion hessei Webb and Hulbert, Jr. 1986
†Pseudhipparion simpsoni Webb and Hulbert, Jr. 1986
†Pseudhipparion skinneri Webb and Hulbert, Jr. 1986
Invalid names: Griphippus Quinn 1955 [synonym]
Invalid names: Hipparion anthonyi Merriam 1916 [nomen dubium], Hippotherium sinclairi Wortman 1882 [nomen dubium]
G. †Merychippus Leidy 1856
+
Subg. †Merychippus (Merychippus) Stirton 1940
+
Invalid names: Merychippus (Merychippus) coalingensis Clark 1921 [nomen nudum]
Subg. †Merychippus (Protohippus) Leidy 1858
+
†Merychippus californicus Merriam 1915
†Merychippus coloradense Osborn 1918
+
Invalid names: Hipparion sanfondensis Frick 1933 [synonym]
†Merychippus eohipparion Osborn 1918
†Merychippus eoplacidus Osborn 1918
†Merychippus gunteri Simpson 1930
†Merychippus insignis Leidy 1856
+
Invalid names: Merychippus paniensis Cope 1874 [synonym]
†Merychippus labrosus Cope 1874
†Merychippus missouriensis Douglass 1908
†Merychippus patruus Osborn 1918
†Merychippus primus Osborn 1918
†Merychippus proparvulus Osborn 1918
†Merychippus quintus Osborn 1918
†Merychippus relictus Cope 1889
†Merychippus republicanus Osborn 1918
†Merychippus sejunctus Cope 1874
†Merychippus seversus Cope 1878
†Merychippus stevensi Dougherty 1940
Invalid names: Merychippus isonesus secundus Osborn 1918 [nomen vanum], Merychippus quartus Osborn 1918 [nomen vanum]
G. †Scaphohippus Pagnac 2006
+
†Scaphohippus sumani Merriam 1915
+
Invalid names: Merychippus stylodus Merriam 1915 [synonym]
Invalid names: Calippini Quinn 1955 [empty], Hippodon Leidy 1854 [invalid subgroup], Hippotheriini Bonaparte 1850 [empty], Protohippini Quinn 1955 [empty], Stylonus Cope 1878 [nomen dubium]
G. †Erihippus Bai et al. 2018
+
†Erihippus tingae Bai et al. 2018
G. †Gobihippus Dashzeveg 1979
G. †Hipphaplus Ameghino 1882
+
†Hipphaplous entrerianus Ameghino 1885
G. †Hyperhippidium Sefve 1910
G. †Hypohippidium Fernandez de Alvarez 1957
+
†Hypohippidium humahuaquense Fernandez de Alvarez 1957
Subfm. †Hyracotheriinae Cope 1881
+
G. †Haplohippus McGrew 1953
+
†Haplohippus texanus McGrew 1953
G. †Lophiopus Ellenberger 1980
G. †Minippus Froehlich 2002
+
†Minippus index Cope 1873
+
Invalid names: Hyracotherium sulcatus Gingerich 1989 [synonym], Orotherium loevii Cope 1877 [synonym]
†Minippus jicarillai Froehlich 2002
G. †Orohippus Marsh 1872
+
†Orohippus agilis Marsh 1873
†Orohippus major Marsh 1874
†Orohippus progressus Granger 1908
†Orohippus proteros Korth and Evander 1982
†Orohippus pumilus Marsh 1871
+
Invalid names: Helotherium procyoninum Cope 1871 [synonym], Hyracotherium osbornianum Cope 1883 [synonym], Lophiotherium ballardi Marsh 1871 [synonym], Oligotomus cinctus Cope 1873 [synonym], Orohippus atavus Granger 1908 [synonym], Orohippus typicus Granger 1908 [synonym]
†Orohippus sylvaticus Leidy 1870
+
Invalid names: Orotherium uintanum Marsh 1872 [synonym]
Invalid names: Helohippus Marsh 1892 [synonym], Helotherium Cope 1872 [synonym], Oligotomus Cope 1873 [synonym], Orohippus (Aminippus) Granger 1908 [invalid subgroup]
G. †Plesiohipparion Qiu et al. 1987
G. †Pliolophus Owen 1858
+
†Pliolophus barnesi Hooker 2010
†Pliolophus quesnoyensis Bronnert et al. 2017
†Pliolophus vulpiceps Owen 1858
G. †Protorohippus Wortman 1896
+
†Protorohippus montanum Wortman 1896
G. †Sifrhippus Froehlich 2002
+
†Sifrhippus grangeri Gingerich 1989
†Sifrhippus sandrae Gingerich 1989
Invalid names: Arenahippus Froehlich 2002 [synonym]
G. †Sivalhippus Lydekker 1877
+
†Sivalhippus theobaldi Lydekker 1877
G. †Xenicohippus Bown and Kihm 1981
+
†Xenicohippus grangeri Bown and Kihm 1981
†Xenicohippus osborni Bown and Kihm 1981
Invalid names: Protohippinae Gidley 1907 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialsubc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: ground dwellingf
Diet: browserf
Reproduction: viviparoussubc
Comments: modern Equus is a grazer (Nowak 1999), but the primitive condition for the family is browsingf
Created: 2005-06-08 10:11:09
Modified: 2005-08-31 16:55:50
Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Nowak 1991, Carroll 1988, Lillegraven 1979, Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Graybullian to the top of the Holocene or 55.80000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 50.3 Ma

Collections (4331 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8France (Marne) Pliolophus vulpiceps (35537)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8France (Oise) Pliolophus quesnoyensis (68174)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8Belgium (Hainaut) Sifrhippus sandrae (87947)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8United Kingdom (England) Hyracotherium vulpiceps (13299) Hyracotherium vulpiceps, Hyracotherium sp. (38868)
Graybullian55.8 - 50.3USA (Wyoming) Hyracotherium cristatum, Hyracotherium pernix (15701) Hyracotherium sp. (15875)
Lostcabinian55.8 - 50.3USA (Wyoming) Hyracotherium venticolum (15998 16000 16005) Hyracotherium venticolum, Hyracotherium craspedotum (15997) Orohippus sp. (15901 15945) Xenicohippus craspedotum, Hyracotherium venticolum (15999)
Lysitean - Lostcabinian55.8 - 50.3USA (Wyoming) Hyracotherium sp. (15451)
Wasatchian55.8 - 50.3Mexico (Baja California) Eohippus angustidens, Hyracotherium sp. (15671)
Wasatchian55.8 - 50.3Canada (Northwest Territories) Equidae indet. (15583)
Wasatchian55.8 - 50.3USA (Wyoming) Arenahippus aemulor (15790 15826 15835) Arenahippus grangeri (15489 15497 15736 15747 15773 15884 16039 16040 16041 16042 16049 16050) Arenahippus pernix (118482) Arenahippus pernix, Hyracotherium sp. (15673) Eohippus index (15483) Equidae indet. (15841) Hyracotherium aemulor (15511 15513 15514 15516 15517 15518 15520 15522 15523 15524 15531 15545 15592 15683 15699 15728 15741 15742 15743 15744 15745 15757 15758 15767 15770 15798 15799 15800 15801 15802 15804 15810 15827 15828 15829 46641 46656 46666 46667 46672 46673 46674 46675 46686 46687 46688 46689 46693 46694 46697 46698 46721 46724 46769 46770 46771 46772 46773 46775 46776 46777 46778 46779 46782 46784 46789 46791 46792 46794 46795 46797 46798 46799 46800 46801 46805 46814 46815 46816 46817 46818 46819 46828 46830 46831 46832 46833 46834 46835 46836 46837 46838 46839 46840 46841 46844 46852) Hyracotherium aemulor, Hyracotherium grangeri (15510 15512 15532 15536 15538 15541 15542 15544 15546 15548 15549 46807 46809) Hyracotherium angustidens (15491 15493 15504 15515 15879 15912 15932 16055) Hyracotherium craspedotum (15935) Hyracotherium cristatum, Hyracotherium pernix (15692 15694 15695 15697 15702 15703 15704 15705 15706 15707 46682 46683 46696 46699 46700 46701 46703 46704 46707 46711 46712 46714 46718 46729 46733 46734 46736 46740 46741 46742 46745 46746 46747 46748 46754 46755 46760 46761 46764 46767 46825 46826 46827 46847 46849) Hyracotherium cristatum, Hyracotherium pernix, Hyracotherium grangeri (46692) Hyracotherium grangeri (15458 15495 15503 15505 15507 15509 15540 15543 15547 15550 15560 15566 15568 15586 15587 15588 15589 15590 15594 15726 15727 15730 15731 15732 15733 15734 15735 15737 15738 15739 15740 15746 15748 15749 15750 15751 15752 15753 15754 15755 15762 15763 15764 15765 15766 15772 15774 15775 15777 15778 15779 15781 15786 15787 15788 15791 15792 15793 15794 15795 15796 15797 15808 15809 15813 15815 15816 15818 15819 15820 15821 15822 15824 15825 15944 46636 46637 46638 46639 46640 46642 46643 46644 46645 46646 46647 46648 46650 46652 46657 46659 46660 46661 46662 46664 46668 46669 46670 46671 46680 46681 46684 46685 46690 46691 46725 46726 46727 46744 46768 46774 46780 46781 46783 46785 46786 46787 46788 46790 46793 46803 46804 46806 46808 46812 46813 46821 46822 46823 46824) Hyracotherium grangeri, Hyracotherium sandrae (15759 15761) Hyracotherium index (15937 15964 16056) Hyracotherium index, Hyracotherium aemulor, Hyracotherium grangeri (15551 15553 15554) Hyracotherium index, Hyracotherium grangeri (15555) Hyracotherium index, Hyracotherium pernix, Hyracotherium grangeri (15556 15557) Hyracotherium montanum (15581) Hyracotherium pernix (15455 15564 15687 15696 15698 15768 15769 15782 15785 15803 15805 15806 15807 15811 15812 15814 46695 46702 46705 46706 46709 46710 46713 46715 46716 46717 46719 46720 46728 46730 46731 46732 46735 46738 46739 46743 46749 46753 46756 46757 46758 46759 46762 46763 46765 46766 46810 46811 46820 46843 46845 46846 46848 46851) Hyracotherium pernix, Hyracotherium grangeri (15558 15567) Hyracotherium sandrae (15760 15771 15780) Hyracotherium sp. (15462 15596 15597 15657 15720 15721 15722 15723 15724 15729 15756 15842 15843 15846 15891 15892 15893 15894 15900 15914 15931 15933 15934 15936 15963 16008 16060 16062 16074 16391 16392) Hyracotherium vasacciense (15456 15661) Hyracotherium venticolum (15904 15906 15908 15927 15928 15946) Hyracotherium venticolum, Orohippus proteros, Hyracotherium index (15454) Orohippus proteros (15902) Orohippus sp. (15942) Protorohippus venticolum (186942 186943 186945 186947 186948 186951) Protorohippus venticolum, Equidae indet. (186932 186933 186935 186936 186937 186939 186944 186946 186952) Protorohippus venticolum, Hyracotherium vasacciense (15662) Xenicohippus craspedotum (186950) Xenicohippus craspedotum, Equidae indet. (186931 186934) Xenicohippus grangeri (15575 15576 15578)
Wasatchian55.8 - 50.3USA (Utah) Hyracotherium sp. (15716)
Wasatchian55.8 - 50.3USA (North Dakota) Hyracotherium sp. (15895)
Wasatchian55.8 - 50.3USA (New Mexico) Hyracotherium angustidens (15598 15607 15611) Hyracotherium sp. (15443 15446 15447 15448 15449 15453 15459 15481) Hyracotherium vasacciense, Xenicohippus sp. (15663) Xenicohippus osborni, Hipposyus sp. (15430) Xenicohippus sp. (15441)
Wasatchian55.8 - 50.3USA (Texas) Hyracotherium angustidens (15838)
Wasatchian55.8 - 50.3USA (Colorado) Arenahippus grangeri (15450 15480) Eohippus angustidens, Xenicohippus osborni (15655) Hyracotherium angustidens (15725 15845 15887) Hyracotherium craspedotum (15293) Hyracotherium grangeri (15429) Hyracotherium sp. (15391 15836 15854 15855 15859 15860 15861 15862 15864 15868 15869 15870 15871 15873 15874) Hyracotherium vasacciense (15649) Hyracotherium vasacciense, Hyracotherium craspedotum (15652) Xenicohippus grangeri (15225 15290 15295 15362 15370 15406) Xenicohippus osborni (15399 15404) Xenicohippus osborni, Xenicohippus sp. (15402) Xenicohippus sp. (15309)
Early/Lower Eocene55.8 - 48.6United Kingdom (England) Pliolophus vulpiceps (68434)
Early/Lower Eocene55.8 - 48.6USA (Wyoming) Hyracotherium aemulor (15709) Hyracotherium craspedotum (15690) Hyracotherium cristatum, Hyracotherium pernix (15680 15684 15700) Hyracotherium grangeri (15679) Hyracotherium pernix (15681 15685) Hyracotherium sandrae (15591 154251 154253 154254 154255 154257 154258 154259 154263 154268 154269 154270 154271 154272 154274 154280 154281 154282)
Early/Lower Eocene55.8 - 48.6China (Hunan) Orientolophus hengdongensis (87239)
Early/Lower Eocene55.8 - 48.6Portugal (Região Centro) Hyracotherium vulpiceps (79200)
Bridgerian50.3 - 46.2USA (Wyoming) Hyracotherium sp. (16204 16280 16505) Lophiodon pumilus (16281) Orohippus atavus (16205) Orohippus major (16081 16201 16224 16284) Orohippus osbornianus (16136) Orohippus progressus (16448) Orohippus pumilus (16089 16094 16105 16107 16108 16114 16116 16219 16227 16228 16232 16262 16263 16269 16291 16300 16302 16303 16306 16309 16315 16321 16330 16336 16339 16353 16355 16441 16504) Orohippus sp. (15837 16137 16138 16139 16140 16203 16207 16209 16211 16223 16244 16254 16294 16415 16418 16431 16432 16438 16444 16481 16489 16499 16502 16647 129895 202161) Orohippus sylvaticus (16406)