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Tragulidae (chevrotain)

Mammalia - Tragulidae

Taxonomy

Tragulidae was named by Milnes-Edwards (1864). It is extant.

It was assigned to Tragulina by Flower and Lydekker (1891), Matthew (1908); to Artiodactyla by Cope (1889), Lambe (1908); to Ruminantii by Jaekel (1911); to Traguloidea by Carroll (1988); to Cervoidea by Sach and Heizmann (2001); to Artiodactyla by Stefani (1916), Nowak (1991), Codrea (1992), Thewissen et al. (2001); to Traguloidea by Hay (1902), Vislobokova (2001); to Tragulina by Hassanin and Douzery (2003); to Ruminantia by Spaulding et al. (2009); and to Ruminantia by Gregory (1910), Anyonge (1991), Agnarsson and May-Collado (2008), Geraads (2010), Koufos (2020).

Subtaxa

Afrotragulus, Archaeotragulus, Cryptomeryx, Dorcabune, Dorcatherium, Hyemoschus, Hyomoschus, Iberomeryx, Krabimeryx, Moschiola, Siamotragulus, Stenomeryx, Tragulus (syn. Meminna), Yunnanotherium

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1864	Tragulidae Milnes-Edwards
1889	Tragulidae Cope p. 877
1891	Tragulidae Flower and Lydekker p. 90
1902	Tragulidae Hay p. 681
1908	Tragulidae Lambe
1908	Tragulidae Matthew p. 561
1910	Tragulidae Gregory p. 466
1911	Tragulidae Jaekel p. 234
1916	Tragulidae Stefani p. 11
1988	Tragulidae Carroll
1991	Tragulidae Anyonge p. 386
1991	Tragulidae Nowak
1992	Tragulidae Codrea
2001	Tragulidae Sach and Heizmann p. 35
2001	Tragulidae Thewissen et al. p. suppl.
2001	Tragulidae Vislobokova p. S133
2003	Tragulidae Hassanin and Douzery
2008	Tragulidae Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 974 figs. Fig. 2
2009	Tragulidae Spaulding et al.
2010	Tragulidae Geraads p. 729
2020	Tragulidae Koufos

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha

Rank	Name	Author
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Euungulata
—	Artiodactylamorpha
—	Artiodactyla	()
—	Ruminantiamorpha
—	Ruminantia	(Scopoli 1777)
infraorder	Tragulina
superfamily	Traguloidea
family	Tragulidae	Milnes-Edwards 1864
family	Tragulidae	Milnes-Edwards 1864

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Tragulidae Milnes-Edwards 1864 [chevrotain]

show all | hide all

G. †Afrotragulus Sánchez et al. 2010

†Afrotragulus moruorotensis Pickford 2001

†Afrotragulus parvus Whitworth 1958

G. †Archaeotragulus Metais et al. 2001

†Archaeotragulus krabiensis Metais et al. 2001

G. †Cryptomeryx Schlosser 1886

†Cryptomeryx decedens Stehlin 1910

†Cryptomeryx gaudryi Filhol 1877

†Cryptomeryx major Schlosser 1886

†Cryptomeryx matsoui Sudre 1984

G. †Dorcabune Pilgrim 1910

†Dorcabune anthracotherioides Pilgrim 1910

G. †Dorcatherium Kaup 1839

†Dorcatherium bulgaricus Bakalov and Nikilov 1962

†Dorcatherium chappuisi Arambourg 1933

†Dorcatherium crassum Lartet 1851

†Dorcatherium guntianum von Meyer 1846

†Dorcatherium iririensis Pickford 2002

†Dorcatherium jourdani Deperet 1887

†Dorcatherium libiensis Hamilton 1973

†Dorcatherium majus Lydekker 1876

Invalid names: Merycopotamus nanus Falconer 1868 [objective synonym]

†Dorcatherium minus Lydekker 1876

†Dorcatherium naui Kaup 1833

†Dorcatherium orientale Qui and Gu 1991

†Dorcatherium peneckei Hoffmann 1892

†Dorcatherium pigotti Whitworth 1958

†Dorcatherium puyhauberti Arambourg and Piveteau 1929

†Dorcatherium rodgeri Hofman 1909

†Dorcatherium vindobonense von Meyer 1846

G. Hyemoschus Gray 1845

Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby 1841 [water chevrotain]

†Hyomoschus crassus Lartet 1837

G. †Iberomeryx Gabunia 1964

†Iberomeryx minor Filhol 1882

Invalid names: Iberomeryx matsoui Heissig 1987 [synonym], Iberomeryx minus Sudre and Blondel 1996 [synonym]

†Iberomeryx parvus Gabunia 1964

G. †Krabimeryx Metais et al. 2001

†Krabimeryx primitivus Metais et al. 2001

G. Moschiola

Moschiola meminna Erxleben 1777

G. †Siamotragulus Thomas et al. 1990

†Siamotragulus bugtiensis Ginsburg 2001

†Siamotragulus haripounchai Mein and Ginsburg 1997

†Siamotragulus sanyathanai Thomas et al. 1990

†Siamotragulus songhorensis Whitworth 1958

G. †Stenomeryx Ducrocq et al. 2020

†Stenomeryx bahinensis Ducrocq et al. 2020

G. Tragulus Brisson 1762 [mouse deer]

Tragulus fulviventer Gray 1836

Tragulus javanicus Osbeck 1765 [Java mouse-deer]

Invalid names: Tragulus fuscatus Blyth 1858 [synonym]

Tragulus kanchil Raffles 1822 [lesser mouse-deer]

Tragulus meminna Erxleben 1777

Invalid names: Meminna indica Gray 1843 [synonym]

Tragulus napu Cuvier 1822 [greater mouse-deer]

Tragulus napu niasis Lyon 1916

Tragulus nigricans Thomas 1892 [Philippine mouse-deer]

Tragulus pelandoc Hamilton Smith 1827

Invalid names: Moschus javanicus Gmelin 1788 [replaced]

†Tragulus sivalensis Lydekker 1882

Tragulus stanleyanus Gray 1836

Invalid names: Meminna Gray 1836 [synonym], Tragulus malaccensis Gray 1843 [nomen nudum], Tragulus mimenoides Hodgson 1844 [nomen nudum]

G. †Yunnanotherium Han 1986

†Yunnanotherium simplex Han 1986

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
I. A. Vislobokova 2001	Braincase more enlarged and expanded than in other traguloids. Sagittal and tempo- ral crests very weak. Sagittal crest short. Temporal crests curved posteriorly. Orbits large and closed poste- riorly. Postorbital bar formed mostly of jugal. Postgle- noid process absent. Auditory bulla large, inflated, with medium-long external acoustic meatus. Stylohyoid vagina deep, narrow, encroaching upon bulla, and enclosed posteriorly. Mastoid exposure mainly on lat- eral surface. Mastoid foramen large and lateral. Fora- men ovale small and placed posteriorly. Pterygoid canal sometimes present. Promontorium well developed and elongated, with two posterior whorls, almost equal in height. Fenestra vestibuli large. Tensor tympani fossa broadened, encroaching upon promontorium, and pocketed in medial wall. Stapedial muscle fossa placed opposite fenestra vestibuli. Subarcuate fossa deep and pocketed anteromedially. Lateral wall of epitympanic recess formed by squamosal. Lacrimal with enlarged facial and orbital parts and single lacrimal foramen within orbit. Posterior opening of infraorbital canal placed between lacrimal and maxilla. Nasofrontal suture anterior to orbits. Ethmoidal fissure absent or very small and mainly triangular. Nasals relatively short, gradually narrowed anteriorly, and strongly pro- jecting above anterior opening of nasal cavity. Upper incisors absent. Lower il enlarged. Upper canine in males enlarged, not procumbent, and almost vertical in lateral view. PI and pI absent. Dorcatherium fold often present. Radius and ulna separate. Fibula usually fused distally with tibia. Metacarpals III and IV separated. Astragalus with almost parallel trochleae. Calcaneum with concave fibular facet. Metatarsals III and IV fused.

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialo

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

ground dwellingf

Diet:

frugivoref

Diet 2:

grazerf

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Comments:

life habit and diet based on Nowak 1999f

Created:

2005-06-08 10:11:09

Modified:

2005-08-23 13:14:24

Source: f = family, o = order, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988, Nowak 1999, Lillegraven 1979, Nowak 1991

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Bartonian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 41.03000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 37.71 Ma

Collections (179 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Bartonian	41.03 - 37.71	Myanmar	Stenomeryx bahinensis (41393)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.71 - 33.9	Thailand	Archaeotragulus krabiensis, Krabimeryx primitivus (13127 49078) Krabimeryx primitivus (49083)
Late/Upper Eocene - Early/Lower Oligocene	37.71 - 27.3	Turkey (Ardahan)	Iberomeryx sp., Iberomeryx parvus (79072)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 27.3	Spain (Aragon)	Iberomeryx minor (68878)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 27.3	France (Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées)	Lophiomeryx gaudryi (183975)
MP 21 - MP 22	33.9 - 27.3	France (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes)	Iberomeryx minor (183510)
MP 22	33.9 - 27.3	France (Quercy)	Cryptomeryx matsoui (181092) Iberomeryx minus, Cryptomeryx gaudryi (179142)
MP 22	33.9 - 27.3	Germany (Baden-Württemberg)	Cryptomeryx gaudryi (183974)
MP 22	33.9 - 27.3	Germany	Tragulidae indet. (46097)
MP 23	33.9 - 27.3	Switzerland (Canton Jura)	Iberomeryx minor (183545 183546) Iberomeryx minor, Cryptomeryx gaudryi (183544)
MP 23	33.9 - 27.3	France (Quercy)	Iberomeryx minor, Cryptomeryx gaudryi (179147) Iberomeryx minus (36709 183377) Iberomeryx minus, Cryptomeryx gaudryi (36711)
Chattian	27.3 - 23.04	France	Iberomeryx sp. (60281)
Late/Upper Oligocene	27.3 - 23.04	Kazakhstan	Tragulidae indet. (180344)
Late/Upper Oligocene	27.3 - 23.04	Georgia	Iberomeryx parvus (182744)
Late/Upper Oligocene	27.3 - 23.04	Turkey (Anatolia)	Iberomeryx parvus (182500 182743) Iberomeryx sp., Iberomeryx parvus (182742) Tragulidae sp. 1, Iberomeryx sp., Iberomeryx parvus (182502 182503)
Late/Upper Oligocene - Early/Lower Miocene	27.3 - 15.98	Pakistan (Baluchistan)	Tragulidae indet. (179935)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.04 - 15.98	Pakistan (Baluchistan)	Tragulidae indet. (180594 180608) Tragulidae indet., Dorcatherium sp. (180592)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.04 - 15.98	Germany	Dorcatherium vindobonense (70362)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.04 - 15.98	Uganda	Dorcatherium songhorensis (236791)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.04 - 15.98	Kenya	Dorcatherium pigotti, Dorcatherium chappuisi (70808)