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| Morphology | Ecology and taphonomy | External Literature Search | Age range and collections |
Torvosaurus
Taxonomy
Torvosaurus was named by Galton and Jensen (1979). It is the type genus of Torvosauroidea.
It was assigned to Carnosauria by Molnar et al. (1990); to Megalosauroidea by Holtz (1995); to Megalosaurinidae by Holtz (1996); to Tetanurae by Holtz (1994), Holtz (2000), Carrano et al. (2002); to Spinosauroidea by Rauhut (2003), Yates (2005); to Torvosauridae by Kurzanov (1989), Sereno et al. (1994), Molnar et al. (1996), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Sereno et al. (1998), Mateus et al. (2006); to Megalosaurinae by Holtz et al. (2004), Carrano et al. (2012), Rauhut et al. (2016), Rauhut et al. (2018); and to Megalosauridae by Galton and Jensen (1979), McIntosh (1981), Russell (1984), Carroll (1988), Miller et al. (1991), Bakker et al. (1992), Novas (1992), Currie and Zhao (1994), Chure et al. (2006), Benson and Barrett (2009), Hanson and Makovicky (2013), Hendrickx and Mateus (2014), Hendrickx and Mateus (2014), Cobos et al. (2014), Brougham et al. (2019).
It was assigned to Carnosauria by Molnar et al. (1990); to Megalosauroidea by Holtz (1995); to Megalosaurinidae by Holtz (1996); to Tetanurae by Holtz (1994), Holtz (2000), Carrano et al. (2002); to Spinosauroidea by Rauhut (2003), Yates (2005); to Torvosauridae by Kurzanov (1989), Sereno et al. (1994), Molnar et al. (1996), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Sereno et al. (1998), Mateus et al. (2006); to Megalosaurinae by Holtz et al. (2004), Carrano et al. (2012), Rauhut et al. (2016), Rauhut et al. (2018); and to Megalosauridae by Galton and Jensen (1979), McIntosh (1981), Russell (1984), Carroll (1988), Miller et al. (1991), Bakker et al. (1992), Novas (1992), Currie and Zhao (1994), Chure et al. (2006), Benson and Barrett (2009), Hanson and Makovicky (2013), Hendrickx and Mateus (2014), Hendrickx and Mateus (2014), Cobos et al. (2014), Brougham et al. (2019).
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1920 | Megalosaurus ingens Janensch |
| 1925 | Megalosaurus ingens Janensch pp. 90-91 |
| 1939 | Megalosaurus ingens Kuhn p. 71 |
| 1943 | Megalosaurus ingens Lapparent p. 11 |
| 1970 | Megalosaurus ingens Steel p. 35 |
| 1979 | Torvosaurus Galton and Jensen p. 1 |
| 1981 | Torvosaurus McIntosh p. 8 |
| 1982 | Megalosaurus ingens Santafé et al. p. 84 |
| 1984 | Megalosaurus ingens Buscalioni and Sanz p. 12 |
| 1984 | Torvosaurus Russell p. 22 |
| 1986 | Megalosaurus ingens Chabli p. 70 |
| 1988 | Torvosaurus Carroll |
| 1988 | Ceratosaurus ingens Paul p. 278 |
| 1989 | Torvosaurus Kurzanov p. 4 |
| 1990 | Torvosaurus Molnar et al. p. 192 |
| 1991 | Torvosaurus Miller et al. p. 40 |
| 1992 | Edmarka Bakker et al. p. 2 |
| 1992 | Torvosaurus Bakker et al. p. 3 |
| 1992 | Torvosaurus Novas p. 140 |
| 1994 | Edmarka Currie and Zhao |
| 1994 | Torvosaurus Currie and Zhao |
| 1994 | Torvosaurus Holtz |
| 1994 | Torvosaurus Sereno et al. p. 270 |
| 1995 | Torvosaurus Holtz, Jr. p. 35A |
| 1996 | Torvosaurus Holtz, Jr. p. 42A |
| 1996 | Torvosaurus Molnar et al. p. 671 |
| 1997 | Torvosaurus Sereno p. 456 |
| 1998 | Torvosaurus Sereno p. 64 |
| 1998 | Torvosaurus Sereno et al. |
| 2000 | Torvosaurus Holtz, Jr. p. 13 fig. 5 |
| 2002 | Torvosaurus Carrano et al. |
| 2003 | Torvosaurus Rauhut p. 146 |
| 2004 | Torvosaurus Holtz, Jr. et al. p. 72 |
| 2005 | Torvosaurus Yates p. 118 fig. 9 |
| 2006 | Torvosaurus Chure et al. p. 236 |
| 2006 | Torvosaurus Mateus et al. p. 127 |
| 2009 | Torvosaurus Benson and Barrett p. 140 |
| 2012 | Torvosaurus Carrano et al. p. 248 fig. 7 |
| 2013 | Torvosaurus Hanson and Makovicky p. 775 |
| 2014 | Torvosaurus Cobos et al. p. 39 |
| 2014 | Torvosaurus Hendrickx and Mateus |
| 2016 | Torvosaurus Rauhut et al. p. 38 |
| 2018 | Torvosaurus Rauhut et al. p. 18 |
| 2019 | Torvosaurus Brougham et al. p. 13 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Torvosaurus Galton and Jensen 1979
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†Torvosaurus gurneyi Hendrickx and Mateus 2014
†Torvosaurus tanneri Galton and Jensen 1979
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Invalid names: Edmarka rex Bakker et al. 1992 [synonym]
Invalid names: Edmarka Bakker et al. 1992 [synonym], Megalosaurus ingens Janensch 1920 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| R. T. Bakker et al. 1992 (Edmarka) | Diagnosis for genus and species: Closest to Torvosaurus tanneri but differs in retaining the primitive condition of a jugal that is thin medial-laterally, relatively longer and lower in lateral view, and with an orbital margin that is wider front-to-back. Further differs in the derived character of a much wider postorbital process on the jugal, with an enlarged, recessed facet on the outer surface for an expanded ventral ramus of the postorbital. | |
| C. Hendrickx and O. Mateus 2014 | Megalosauroid theropod with very
shallow maxillary fossa (i.e., maxillary fossa forming a poorly delimited concavity in the anterior corner of the lateral antorbital fossa) [61], protuberant ridge below the maxillary fossa, in the ventral part of the anterior corner of the lateral antorbital fossa, interdental wall making up one-half the medial surface of the maxillary body (modified from [27]), expanded fossae in posterior dorsal and anterior caudal centra forming enlarged and deep pneumatic openings [61], highly ossified puboischiadic plate [61], and distal expansion of ischium with prominent lateral midline crest and oval outline in lateral view [61]. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order | |||||
| Reference: Marsh 1875 | |||||
Age range: base of the Middle Callovian to the top of the Early/Lower Tithonian or 165.30000 to 145.06000 Ma
Collections (27 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Middle Callovian | Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen) | Theropoda indet. (183141) | |
| Late/Upper Jurassic | USA (Wyoming) | T. sp. (62561) | |
| Late/Upper Jurassic | China (Shanxi) | Allosaurus sp. (55297) | |
| Late/Upper Oxfordian - Early/Lower Kimmeridgian | USA (Wyoming) | T. sp. (126540) | |
| Late/Upper Oxfordian - Kimmeridgian | Germany (Niedersachsen) | T. sp. (149725) | |
| Kimmeridgian | USA (Colorado) | T. tanneri (48171) | |
| Kimmeridgian - Tithonian | USA (Wyoming) | Edmarka rex (49627 49628) T. tanneri (39370 57894) | |
| Kimmeridgian - Tithonian | Uruguay (Tacuarembó) | Theropoda indet. (83735 213192) T. sp. (83729) | |
| Late/Upper Kimmeridgian | Portugal (Centro) | T. gurneyi (49304) T. tanneri (68904) | |
| Late/Upper Kimmeridgian | Portugal (Lisboa) | T. sp. (68905 154726) | |
| Late/Upper Kimmeridgian | Portugal (Estremadura) | Theropoda indet. (154743) T. sp. (49265) | |
| Late/Upper Kimmeridgian | Germany (Niedersachsen) | T. sp. (51859) | |
| Late/Upper Kimmeridgian | Portugal (Lourinha) | T. tanneri (154212) | |
| Late/Upper Kimmeridgian - Early/Lower Tithonian | Tanzania (Lindi) | Megalosaurus ingens (213406) | |
| Late/Upper Kimmeridgian - Early/Lower Tithonian | Portugal (Lisboa) | T. sp., Carnosauria indet. (49230) | |
| Late/Upper Kimmeridgian - Early/Lower Tithonian | USA (Colorado) | Theropoda indet. (45975) | |
| Early/Lower Tithonian | USA (Utah) | T. sp. (21852) | |
| Tithonian | Tanzania (Lindi) | Megalosaurus ingens (47154 47156) |