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Anguidae

Reptilia - Anguidae

Taxonomy
Anguidae was named by Gray (1825). It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Sullivan (1987), Lee and Caldwell (2000), Conrad (2006).

It was corrected as Anguinidae by McDowell and Bogert (1954), Poinar (2011).

It was assigned to Lacertae by Gadow (1898); to Sauria by Hay (1902); to Lacertidi by Perrier (1928); to Anguioidae by Hay (1930); to Anguoidea by Kuhn (1946); to Diploglossa by McDowell and Bogert (1954); to Lacertilia by McGrew et al. (1959); to Diploglossa by Cope (1871), Cope (1875), Estes (1964), Estes and Berberian (1970), Sahni and Srivastava (1976); to Anguoidea by Seiffert (1975), Carroll (1988); to Anguimorpha by Sullivan (1986), Sullivan (1987), Alifanov (1993), Gao and Hou (1996), Gao and Fox (1996), Lee and Caldwell (2000); to Anguioidea by Kuhn (1966), Estes (1983), Conrad (2006); to Lacertilia by Zittel (1890), Lambe (1908), Frank and Ramus (1996), Venczel and Stiuca (2008); to Anguimorpha by Sullivan (1991), Peng et al. (2001), Böhme (2010); to Sphaerularioidea by Poinar (2011); to Squamata by Hugues-Alexandre et al. (2013); to Squamata by Khajuria and Prasad (1998), Böhme (2008), Vianey-Liaud et al. (2014); and to Anguimorpha by Estes et al. (1988), Alifanov (2000), Smith (2006), Cernansky et al. (2015), Stocker and Kirk (2016).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1825Anguidae Gray
1871Anguidae Cope p. 236
1875Anguidae Cope p. 18
1890Anguidae Zittel p. 607
1898Anguidae Gadow p. 26
1902Anguidae Hay p. 474
1908Anguidae Lambe
1928Anguidae Perrier p. 3096
1930Anguidae Hay p. 253
1938Xestops piercei Gilmore p. 22 figs. 6-7
1946Anguidae Kuhn p. 61
1954Anguinidae McDowell and Bogert p. 130
1959Anguidae McGrew et al. p. 132
1964Anguidae Estes p. 119
1966Anguidae Kuhn p. 54
1970Anguidae Estes and Berberian p. 5
1975Anguidae Seiffert p. 10
1976Anguidae Sahni and Srivastava p. 925
1983Anguidae Estes
1986Anguidae Sullivan p. 109
1987Anguidae Sullivan p. 118
1988Anguidae Carroll
1988Anguidae Estes et al.
1991Anguidae Sullivan p. 296
1993Anguidae Alifanov p. 12
1996Anguidae Frank and Ramus
1996Anguidae Gao and Fox p. 67
1996Anguidae Gao and Hou p. 589
1998Anguidae Khajuria and Prasad
2000Anguidae Alifanov p. 382
2000Anguidae Lee and Caldwell
2001Anguidae Peng et al. p. 28
2006Anguidae Conrad p. 122
2006Anguidae Smith p. 5
2008Anguidae Böhme p. 169
2008Anguidae Venczel and Stiuca p. 753
2010Anguidae Böhme p. 24
2011Anguinidae Poinar p. 302
2013Anguidae Hugues-Alexandre et al. p. 810
2014Anguidae Vianey-Liaud et al. p. 573
2015Anguidae Cernansky et al. p. 106
2016Anguidae Stocker and Kirk

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
RankNameAuthor
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
—Sauropsida
classReptilia
—Squamata()
—Anguimorpha(Fürbringer 1900)
—Anguiformes(Bonaparte 1831)
superfamilyAnguioideaFitzinger 1826
familyAnguidaeGray 1825
familyAnguidaeGray 1825

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Anguidae Gray 1825
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Subfm. †Anguinae Gray 1825
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Tr. †Anguini Augé 2005
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G. Dopasia Gray 1853
G. †Helvetisaurus Augé 2005
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†Helvetisaurus picteti Hoffstetter 1942
G. Anguis Linnaeus 1758 [slow worm]
+
Anguis fragilis Linneaus 1758 [Slow worm]
†Anguis polgardiensis Bolkay 1913
†Anguis rarus Klembara and Rummel 2018
†Anguis stammeri Brunner 1954
G. †Headonhillia Klembara and Green 2010
+
†Headonhillia parva Klembara and Green 2010
G. †Ophipseudopus Kuhn 1940
Tr. †Ophisaurini Augé 2005
+
G. Ophisaurus Daudin 1803 [glass lizard]
+
†Ophisaurus acuminatus Jorg 1965
Ophisaurus apodus Pallas 1775 [Armored glass lizard]
Ophisaurus attenuatus Cope 1880 [Slender glass lizard]
†Ophisaurus canadensis Holman 1970
Ophisaurus compressus Cope 1900 [island glass lizard]
†Ophisaurus feifari Klembara 1979
Ophisaurus harti Boulenger 1899 [Hart's glass lizard]
†Ophisaurus holeci Klembara 2015
Ophisaurus koellikeri Gunther 1873 [Koelliker's glass lizard]
†Ophisaurus robustus Klembara 1979
†Ophisaurus spinari Klembara 1979
Ophisaurus ventralis Linnaeus 1766 [eastern glass lizard]
Invalid names: Propseudopus Hilgendorf 1883 [synonym]
G. †Ophisauriscus Kühn 1940
+
+
Invalid names: Ophisauriscus hallensis Kühn 1940 [synonym]
Invalid names: Parapseudopus Kuhn 1940 [synonym]
G. †Parophisaurus Sullivan 1987
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†Parophisaurus pawneensis Gilmore 1928
G. Pseudopus Merrem 1820 [legless lizard]
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†Pseudopus ahnikoviensis Klembara 2012
Pseudopus apodus Pallas 1775 [European glass lizard]
†Pseudopus confertus Klembara and Rummel 2018
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Invalid names: Pseudopus rugosus Klembara 2015 [replaced]
†Pseudopus laurillardi Lartet 1851
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Invalid names: Propseudopus fraasii Hilgendorf 1883 [synonym]
†Pseudopus moguntinus Boettger 1875
†Pseudopus pannonicus Kormos 1911
G. †Ragesaurus Bailon and Auge 2012
+
†Ragesaurus medasensis Bailon and Auge 2012
G. †Smithosaurus Vasilyan et al. 2022
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†Smithosaurus echzellensis Vasilyan et al. 2022
Subfm. Anniellinae Nopcsa 1928
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G. Anniella Gray 1852 [legless lizard]
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Anniella geronimensis Shaw 1940 [Baja California legless lizard]
Anniella pulchra Gray 1858 [California legless lizard]
G. †Apodosauriscus Gauthier 1982
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†Apodosauriscus minutus Gauthier 1982
G. †Bainguis Borsuk-Bialynicka 1984
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†Bainguis parvus Borsuk-Bialynicka 1984
G. Barisia Gray 1838 [Alligator lizards]
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Barisia imbricata Wiegmann 1828 [Imbricate alligator lizard]
Subfm. †Diploglossinae Boucourt 1873
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G. Celestus Gray 1838
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Celestus barbouri Grant 1940 [Barbour's galliwasp]
Celestus bivittatus Boulenger 1895 [Two-striped galliwasp]
Celestus crusculus Garman 1887 [Garman's galliwasp]
Celestus curtissi Grant 1951 [Curtis' galliwasp]
Celestus darlingtoni Cochran 1939 [Darlington's galliwasp]
Celestus duquesneyi Grant 1940 [Duquesney's galliwasp]
Celestus enneagrammus Cope 1860 [Huaxteca lesser galliwasp]
Celestus fowleri Schwartz 1983 [Fowler's galliwasp]
G. Diploglossus Wiegmann 1828
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Diploglossus millepunctatus O'Shaughnessy 1874 [Dotted galliwasp]
G. †Eodiploglossus Gauthier 1982
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†Eodiploglossus borealis Gauthier 1982
G. Ophiodes Boulenger 1894 [South American worm lizards]
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Ophiodes intermedius Boulenger 1894 [Middle worm lizard]
G. Elgaria Gray 1838 [alligator lizard]
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Elgaria coerulea Wiegmann 1828 [Northern alligator lizard]
Elgaria kingii Gray 1838 [Madrean alligator lizard]
Elgaria multicarinata Blainville 1835 [southern alligator lizard]
Subfm. Gerrhonotinae Cope 1864
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G. Abronia Gray 1838 [Arboreal alligator lizards]
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†Abronia cuyama Scarpetta and Ledesma 2023
Abronia deppei Wiegmann 1828 [Deppe's arboreal alligator lizard]
G. Barissia Gray
G. Coloptychon Peters 1877
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Coloptychon rhombifer Peters 1877 [Peters' lateral fold lizard]
G. Gerrhonotus Wiegmann 1828 [alligator lizard]
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Gerrhonotus imbricatus Wiegmann 1828 [Rain alligator lizard]
Gerrhonotus liocephalus Wiegmann 1828 [Texas alligator lizard]
Gerrhonotus liocephalus infernalis Baird 1858 [Texas alligator lizard]
Gerrhonotus lugoi McCoy 1970 [Lugo's alligator lizard]
G. †Paragerrhonotus Estes 1963
+
Subfm. †Glyptosaurinae Marsh 1872
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G. †Arpadosaurus Meszoely 1970
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†Arpadosaurus gazinorum Meszoely 1970
†Arpadosaurus sepulchralis Smith and Gauthier 2013
G. †Eoglyptosaurus Sullivan 1979
Tr. †Glyptosaurini Sullivan 1979
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G. †Gaultia Smith 2009
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†Gaultia silvaticus Smith 2009
G. †Proglyptosaurus Sullivan 1989
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G. †Stenoplacosaurus Sullivan and Dong 2018
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G. †Glyptosaurus Marsh 1871
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†Glyptosaurus agmodon Smith and Gauthier 2013
†Glyptosaurus rhodinos Smith 2011
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Invalid names: Glyptosaurus brevidens Marsh 1872 [synonym], Glyptosaurus donohoei White 1952 [synonym], Glyptosaurus nodosus Marsh 1871 [synonym], Glyptosaurus ocellatus Marsh 1871 [synonym], Glyptosaurus princeps Marsh 1872 [synonym], Glyptosaurus rugosus Marsh 1872 [synonym]
Invalid names: Glyptosaurus obtusidens Loomis 1907 [nomen dubium], Glyptosaurus sphenodon Marsh 1872 [nomen dubium]
G. †Helodermoides Douglass 1903
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†Helodermoides tuberculatus Douglass 1903
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Invalid names: Glyptosaurus giganteus Gilmore 1928 [synonym], Glyptosaurus montanus Douglass 1908 [synonym]
Tr. †Melanosaurini Sullivan 1979
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G. †Paraxestops Hoffstetter 1962
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†Paraxestops stehlini Hoffstetter 1962
G. †Placosauriops Kuhn 1940
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+
Invalid names: Placosauroides abderhaldeni Meszoely et al. 1978 [synonym]
Invalid names: Placosauroides Kuhn 1940 [synonym]
G. †Melanosaurus Gilmore 1928
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†Melanosaurus maximus Gilmore 1928
G. †Paraglyptosaurus Sullivan 1979
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†Paraglyptosaurus yatkolai Sullivan 1979
G. †Placosaurus Gervais 1852
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†Placosaurus estesi Sullivan and Augé 2006
†Placosaurus mongoliensis Sullivan 1979
†Placosaurus ragei Sullivan et al. 2012
†Placosaurus rugosus Gervais 1852
Invalid names: Placosaurus cayluxi De Stefano 1903 [nomen dubium], Placosaurus europaeus Filhol 1876 [nomen dubium], Placosaurus galliae Filhol 1894 [nomen dubium], Placosaurus gaudryi De Stefano 1903 [nomen dubium], Placosaurus margariticeps Gervais 1876 [nomen dubium], Placosaurus waltheri Weigelt 1929 [nomen dubium]
G. †Proxestops Gauthier 1982
+
†Proxestops silberlingii Gilmore 1938
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Invalid names: Proxestops gastrodon Bartels 1988 [synonym], Proxestops jepseni Gilmore 1942 [synonym], Proxestops jepsoni Gauthier 1982 [synonym]
G. †Sullivania Čerňanský et al. 2023
G. †Xestops Cope 1873
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†Xestops savagei Smith and Gauthier 2013
†Xestops vagans Marsh 1872
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Invalid names: Dimetopisaurus wyomingensis Hecht 1959 [synonym]
Invalid names: Dimetopisaurus Hecht 1959 [synonym], Oreosaurus Marsh 1872 [replaced]
Invalid names: Diacium quinquepedale Cope 1874 [nomen dubium], Placosaurinae Gervais [synonym]
G. †Machaerosaurus Gilmore 1928
+
Subfm. †Odaxosaurinae Sullivan 1982
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G. †Parodaxosaurus Sullivan 1986
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†Parodaxosaurus sanjuanensis Sullivan 1986
G. †Odaxosaurus Gilmore 1928
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†Odaxosaurus piger Gilmore 1928
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Invalid names: Odaxosaurus obliquus Gilmore 1928 [synonym]
†Odaxosaurus priscus Gao and Fox 1996
†Odaxosaurus roosevelti Nydam 2013
Invalid names: Pancelosaurus Meszoely 1970 [synonym]
G. †Ophisauromimus Cernansky et al. 2016
+
G. †Rajaurisaurus Sahni and Srivastava 1976
+
†Rajaurisaurus estesi Sahni and Srivastava 1976
Invalid names: Xestops lentus Marsh 1872 [nomen dubium], Xestops microdus Marsh 1872 [nomen dubium], Xestops minutus Marsh 1872 [nomen dubium], Xestops piercei Gilmore 1938 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
E. Perrier 1928Pleurodontes; dents pleines, les dents de remplacement croissant dans leurs intervalles. Langue à partie antérieure mince, échancrée, rétractile dans la partie postérieure (BRÉVILINGUES). Tout le corps protégé par des os dermiques, recouverts d'écaillés imbriquées et creusées d'un système de tubules arborescents ou radiés (différence avec les SCINCIDAE). Toujours un scutum occipital impair, qui manque presque toujours chez les SCINCIDAE. Caractères du crâne comme les précédents. Queue longue, très fragile, à régénération rapide. Membres souvent réduits ou nuls. Terrestres; insectivores.
S. B. McDowell and C. M. Bogert 1954Temporal arch present; postorbital broadly entering the dorsal border of the infratemporal emargination; conchs of quadrate not excessively produced, the inner conch absent or but vaguely defined; no stylohyal osicle; dorsal surface of skull smooth but covered by an incrustation of sculptured osteoderms; jugal not expanded; temporal arch without longitudinal dorsolateral keel; prootic forming but a short and very imperfect juncture with the parietal.
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialuc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Diet: insectivoref
Diet 2: carnivoref
Created: 2005-09-05 19:41:37
Modified: 2005-09-23 16:25:38
Source: f = family, c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade
References: Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988, Behler and King 1979

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Aptian to the top of the Holocene or 122.46000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 113.0 Ma

Collections (734 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Aptian122.46 - 113.0USA (Texas) Anguidae indet. (14408)
Albian113.0 - 100.5USA (Texas) Anguidae indet. (14411)
Middle Turonian - Late/Upper Turonian93.5 - 89.3USA (Utah) Odaxosaurus sp. (14414)
Late/Upper Santonian85.8 - 83.5Canada (Alberta) Anguidae indet. (14423 14425 14428)
Early/Lower Campanian83.5 - 70.6USA (Utah) Odaxosaurus piger (14421)
Judithian83.5 - 70.6USA (Texas) Anguidae indet., Proxestops sp., Glyptosaurinae indet., Odaxosaurus sp. (14489)
Judithian83.5 - 70.6USA (Utah) Odaxosaurus priscus, Odaxosaurus roosevelti (14467)
Judithian83.5 - 70.6Canada (Alberta) Odaxosaurus priscus (14463 116537)
Late/Upper Campanian83.5 - 70.6USA (New Jersey) Anguidae indet., Machaerosaurus sp., Odaxosaurus sp., Glyptosaurinae indet. (14455)
Late/Upper Campanian83.5 - 70.6Mongolia (Omnogov) Bainguis parvus (28195)
Late/Upper Campanian83.5 - 70.6Mexico (Coahuila) Odaxosaurus sp. (154244)
Late/Upper Campanian83.5 - 70.6USA (Utah) Odaxosaurus priscus (75836)
Late/Upper Campanian83.5 - 70.6USA (New Mexico) A. ``Hunter Wash'' A. Osteoderm Morphotype A (209046) A. ``Hunter Wash'' A. Osteoderm Morphotype B, Odaxosaurus sp. (209047) Anguidae indet., Gerrhonotus sp. (36543)
Late/Upper Campanian83.5 - 70.6Canada (Alberta) Odaxosaurus piger (45674 45899) Odaxosaurus priscus (45897)
Middle Campanian83.5 - 70.6Canada (Alberta) Odaxosaurus piger (45560 45564 45566 45567 45670) Odaxosaurus priscus, Odaxosaurus piger (45820)
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian83.5 - 70.6USA (Montana) Peltosaurus piger (14446)
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian83.5 - 70.6Canada (Alberta) Odaxosaurus piger (45819)
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian83.5 - 70.6USA (Texas) Glyptosauridae indet. (68001 68003) Proxestops sp. (212186)
Lancian70.6 - 66.0Canada (Alberta) Odaxosaurus piger (14632)
Lancian70.6 - 66.0USA (Montana) Anguidae indet. (14654) Anguidae indet., Odaxosaurus piger (14508) Odaxosaurus piger (14534 14535 14549 14639)