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Taxonomy
Arctocephalus was named by Cuvier (1826) [Sepkoski's age data: Q Plei R Sepkoski's reference number: 746]. It is extant. It is the type genus of Arctocephalini.
It was synonymized subjectively with Callotaria by Allen (1902).
It was assigned to Phocidae by Gray (1850); to Arctocephalina by Gray (1866), Gray (1871); to Arctocephalini by Mitchell (1968); to Carnivora by Sepkoski (2002); to Otariinae by Barnes (1989), Vidal (1991), Koretsky and Barnes (2006); to Otariidae by Gill (1866), Allen (1880), Trouessart (1898), Trouessart (1904), Palmer (1904), Turner (1912), Zittel (1925), Repenning and Tedford (1977), Carroll (1988), Rice (1998), Bergqvist et al. (1999), Berta (2002), Berta et al. (2006), Berta (2009), Werdelin and Peigne (2010), Berta and Churchill (2012), Boessenecker and Churchill (2015), Berta (2018); to Otariidae by Scott (1873), Wilson and Reeder (2005), Berta et al. (2018), Tsuzuku and Kohno (2020); and to Arctocephalinae by Scheffer and Rice (1963), Muizon (1978), Berta and Deméré (1986), Riedman (1990), McKenna and Bell (1997), Deméré et al. (2003), Pereyra and Magnussen (2021).
It was synonymized subjectively with Callotaria by Allen (1902).
It was assigned to Phocidae by Gray (1850); to Arctocephalina by Gray (1866), Gray (1871); to Arctocephalini by Mitchell (1968); to Carnivora by Sepkoski (2002); to Otariinae by Barnes (1989), Vidal (1991), Koretsky and Barnes (2006); to Otariidae by Gill (1866), Allen (1880), Trouessart (1898), Trouessart (1904), Palmer (1904), Turner (1912), Zittel (1925), Repenning and Tedford (1977), Carroll (1988), Rice (1998), Bergqvist et al. (1999), Berta (2002), Berta et al. (2006), Berta (2009), Werdelin and Peigne (2010), Berta and Churchill (2012), Boessenecker and Churchill (2015), Berta (2018); to Otariidae by Scott (1873), Wilson and Reeder (2005), Berta et al. (2018), Tsuzuku and Kohno (2020); and to Arctocephalinae by Scheffer and Rice (1963), Muizon (1978), Berta and Deméré (1986), Riedman (1990), McKenna and Bell (1997), Deméré et al. (2003), Pereyra and Magnussen (2021).
Species
A. (Arctocephalus), A. (Callotaria), A. australis (syn. Arctophoca tropicalis), A. doriferus, A. elegans, A. eulophus, A. falklandicus (syn. A. nigriscens), A. fischeri, A. forsteri, A. forsteri, A. galapagoensis, A. gazella, A. grayii, A. nivosus, A. philippi, A. philippii, A. pusillus (syn. A. antarcticus), A. tasmanica, A. townsendi, A. tropicalis, Halarctus delalandii
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1826 | Arctocephalus Cuvier p. 554 |
| 1850 | Arctocephalus Gray p. 39 |
| 1866 | Halarctus Gill |
| 1866 | Arctocephalus Gill p. 7 |
| 1866 | Halarctus Gill p. 7 |
| 1866 | Arctocephalus Gray p. 47 |
| 1866 | Gypsophoca Gray p. 235 |
| 1866 | Arctophoca Peters |
| 1866 | Otaria (Arctophoca) Peters |
| 1869 | Euotaria Gray |
| 1871 | Arctocephalas Gray p. 4 |
| 1871 | Arctophoca Gray p. 12 |
| 1873 | Arctocephalus Scott p. 8 |
| 1880 | Arctocephalus Allen p. 210 |
| 1889 | Arctophoca Ameghino p. 342 |
| 1898 | Arctocephalus Trouessart p. 372 |
| 1904 | Arctocephalus Palmer p. 117 |
| 1904 | Gypsophoca Palmer p. 304 |
| 1904 | Arctocephalus Trouessart p. 279 |
| 1912 | Arctocephalus Turner p. 173 |
| 1925 | Arctocephalus Zittel p. 78 |
| 1963 | Arctocephalus Scheffer and Rice p. 2 |
| 1968 | Arctocephalus Mitchell p. 1897 |
| 1977 | Arctocephalus Repenning and Tedford p. 57 |
| 1978 | Arctocephalus Muizon p. 184 |
| 1986 | Arctocephalus Berta and Deméré p. 122 |
| 1988 | Arctocephalus Carroll |
| 1989 | Arctocephalus Barnes p. 23 |
| 1990 | Arctocephalus Riedman p. 58 figs. Table 2 |
| 1991 | Arctocephalus Vidal p. 6 |
| 1997 | Arctocephalus McKenna and Bell p. 253 |
| 1998 | Arctocephalus Rice |
| 1999 | Arctocephalus Bergqvist et al. p. 31 |
| 2002 | Arctocephalus Berta p. 923 |
| 2002 | Arctocephalus Sepkoski |
| 2003 | Arctocephalus Deméré et al. p. 49 figs. Fig. 3.3 |
| 2005 | Arctocephalus Wilson and Reeder |
| 2006 | Arctocephalus Berta et al. p. 496 |
| 2006 | Arctocephalus Koretsky and Barnes p. 145 |
| 2009 | Arctocephalus Berta p. 863 |
| 2010 | Arctocephalus Werdelin and Peigne p. 646 |
| 2012 | Arctocephalus Berta and Churchill |
| 2012 | Arctophoca Berta and Churchill p. 212 |
| 2015 | Arctocephalus Boessenecker and Churchill figs. Fig. 2 |
| 2018 | Arctocephalus Berta p. 713 figs. Fig. 2 |
| 2018 | Arctocephalus Berta et al. p. 210 figs. Fig. 5 |
| 2020 | Arctocephalus Tsuzuku and Kohno p. 6 |
| 2020 | Arctophoca Tsuzuku and Kohno p. 6 |
| 2021 | Arctocephalus Pereyra and Magnussen p. 2 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Arctocephalus Cuvier 1826 [fur seal]
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Subg. Arctocephalus (Arctocephalus) Trouessart 1898
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Arctocephalus (Arctocephalus) argentata Philippi 1892
Arctocephalus (Arctocephalus) brachydactyla Philippi 1892
Arctocephalus (Arctocephalus) gracilis Nehring 1887
Arctocephalus (Arctocephalus) leucostoma Philippi 1892
Subg. Arctocephalus (Callotaria) Palmer 1892
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Arctocephalus (Callotaria) alaskanus Jordan and Clark 1899
Arctocephalus (Callotaria) kurilensis Jordan and Clark 1899
Arctocephalus australis Zimmerman 1783 [South American fur seal]
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Invalid names: Arctophoca tropicalis Gray 1872 [synonym]
Arctocephalus doriferus Wood Jones 1925
Arctocephalus elegans Peters 1875
Arctocephalus eulophus Scott 1873
Arctocephalus falklandicus Shaw 1800
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Invalid names: Arctocephalus nigriscens Gray 1859 [synonym]
†Arctocephalus fischeri Gervais and Ameghino 1880
Arctocephalus forsteri Lesson 1828
Arctocephalus forsteri Wood Jones 1922
Arctocephalus galapagoensis Heller 1904
Arctocephalus gazella Peters 1875
Arctocephalus grayii Scott 1873
Arctocephalus nivosus Gray 1868
Arctocephalus philippii Peters 1866
Arctocephalus pusillus Schreber 1778 [brown fur seal]
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Invalid names: Arctocephalus antarcticus Thunberg 1811 [synonym]
Arctocephalus tasmanica Scott and Lord 1926
Arctocephalus townsendi Merriam 1897 [Guadalupe fur seal]
Arctocephalus tropicalis Gray 1872
Invalid names: Arctophoca Peters 1866 [synonym], Halarctos Gill 1866 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: t = tribe, c = class, uc = unranked clade | |||||
| References: Hendy et al. 2009, Carreño and Cronin 1993, Gingerich 2003, Nowak 1991 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Zanclean to the top of the Holocene or 5.33300 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 3.6 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 3.6 Ma
Collections (111 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zanclean | South Africa | Arctocephalus sp. (100313) | |
| Piacenzian | Peru | Arctocephalus sp. (219058) | |
| Piacenzian | USA (California) | Arctocephalus sp. (52218) | |
| Pleistocene | South Africa | Arctocephalus pusillus (21695 21916 21929 21953 115191 115205) | |
| Pleistocene - Holocene | South Africa | Arctocephalus pusillus (21951 21952) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | South Africa | Arctocephalus pusillus (115185 115188) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | South Africa | Arctocephalus pusillus (115167) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) | Arctocephalus sp. (59978) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | New Zealand (South Island) | Arctocephalus forsteri (87999) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | South Africa | Arctocephalus pusillus (21709 90070 96974 113858 114988 115184 115225) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Mexico (Baja California) | Arctocephalus townsendi (191984) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | South Africa | Arctocephalus pusillus (21922) | |
| Holocene | New Caledonia | Arctocephalus forsteri (83454) Arctocephalus sp. (83455) | |
| Holocene | Argentina | Arctocephalus sp. (168596) | |
| Holocene | Argentina (Buenos Aires) | Arctocephalus australis (220444) | |
| Holocene | Chile | Arctocephalus sp. (168595 215543) | |
| Holocene | South Africa | Arctocephalus pusillus (21706 21708 21862 21917 21918 21919 21921) Arctocephalus pusillus, Arctocephalus gazella (96973) Arctocephalus pusilus (199568) Arctocephalus tropicalis (230266) | |
| Holocene | Australia (New South Wales) | Arctocephalus pusillus (235090) | |
| Holocene | India | Arctocephalus sp. (168597) | |
| Holocene | Antarctica | Arctocephalus gazella (177180) Arctocephalus sp. (168599) | |
| Holocene | USA (California) | Arctocephalus townsendi (162157 168826 168827 168828 168829 168830 168831 168832 168833 168834 168835 168836 168837 168838 168839 168840 168841 168842 168843 168844 168845 168846 168847 168848 168849 168850 168851 168852 168853 168854 168855 168856 168857 168858 168859 168860 168861 168862 168864 168865 168866 168867 168868 168869 168870 168871 168872 168873 168874 168875 168876 168877 168878 168879 168880 168881 168882 168883 168884 168885 239418) | |
| Holocene | Ecuador (Galapagos Islands) | Arctocephalus galapagoensis (230264) | |
| Holocene | New Zealand | Arctocephalus forsteri (81666) | |
| Holocene | Chile ( Valparaíso) | Arctocephalus philippii (230265) | |
| Holocene | Mexico | Arctocephalus sp. (168600) | |
| Holocene | Japan | Arctocephalus sp. (168598) |