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Cymbospondylus
Taxonomy
Cymbospondylus was named by Leidy (1868) [Sepkoski's age data: Tr Olen Tr Ladi-l Sepkoski's reference number: 1066]. It is not extant. It was considered monophyletic by Motani (1999).
It was assigned to Baptanodontidae by Hay (1902); to Shastasaurinae by Merriam (1908), Hay (1930); to Ichthyosauria by Motani (1999); to Shastasauridae by Carroll (1988), Massare and Callaway (1994), Sander (2000); to Cymbospondylidae by von Huene (1951), Kuhn (1971), Maisch and Matzke (2000), McGowan and Motani (2003), Maisch and Matzke (2006), Maisch (2010), Ji et al. (2016); and to Ichthyosauria by Sepkoski (2002), Klein et al. (2020).
It was assigned to Baptanodontidae by Hay (1902); to Shastasaurinae by Merriam (1908), Hay (1930); to Ichthyosauria by Motani (1999); to Shastasauridae by Carroll (1988), Massare and Callaway (1994), Sander (2000); to Cymbospondylidae by von Huene (1951), Kuhn (1971), Maisch and Matzke (2000), McGowan and Motani (2003), Maisch and Matzke (2006), Maisch (2010), Ji et al. (2016); and to Ichthyosauria by Sepkoski (2002), Klein et al. (2020).
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1868 | Chonespondylus Leidy |
| 1868 | Cymbospondylus Leidy |
| 1902 | Chonespondylus Hay p. 463 |
| 1902 | Cymbospondylus Hay p. 463 |
| 1908 | Cymbospondylus Merriam p. 88 |
| 1916 | Cymbospondylus germanicus von Huene p. 23 |
| 1916 | Cymbospondylus parvus von Huene p. 28 |
| 1916 | Cymbospondylus germanicus von Huene p. 213 |
| 1930 | Cymbospondylus Hay p. 124 |
| 1951 | Cymbospondylus von Huene p. 90 |
| 1971 | Cymbospondylus Kuhn p. 22 |
| 1971 | Cymbospondylus germanicus Kuhn p. 22 |
| 1971 | Cymbospondylus parvus Kuhn p. 22 |
| 1988 | Cymbospondylus Carroll |
| 1994 | Cymbospondylus Massare and Callaway p. 140 |
| 1999 | Cymbospondylus Motani fig. 1 |
| 2000 | Cymbospondylus Maisch and Matzke pp. 64, 96 |
| 2000 | Cymbospondylus Sander |
| 2002 | Chonespondylus Sepkoski |
| 2002 | Cymbospondylus Sepkoski |
| 2003 | Cymbospondylus McGowan and Motani |
| 2006 | Cymbospondylus Maisch and Matzke p. 598 |
| 2010 | Cymbospondylus Maisch |
| 2016 | Cymbospondylus Ji et al. p. 7 |
| 2020 | Cymbospondylus Klein et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Cymbospondylus Leidy 1868
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†Cymbospondylus buchseri Sander 1989
†Cymbospondylus duelferi Klein et al. 2020
†Cymbospondylus natans Merriam 1908
†Cymbospondylus nevadanus Merriam 1908
†Cymbospondylus nichollsi Fröbisch et al. 2006
†Cymbospondylus petrinus Leidy 1868
†Cymbospondylus piscosus Leidy 1868
Invalid names: Chonespondylus Leidy 1868 [synonym], Cymbospondylus germanicus von Huene 1916 [nomen dubium], Cymbospondylus parvus von Huene 1916 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| M. W. Maisch and A. T. Matzke 2000 | "Very large ichthyosaur, more than 10 m adult length, skull low, with long and very robust snout, dentition thecodontous, premaxilla with long processus supranarialis, nasal reaches posterior to contact postfrontals, big anterior terrace of temporal fenestra, sagittal crest, formed by supratemporal and parietal, frontal reaches anterior margin of temporal fenestra, pterygoid with strong transverse processes, occipital condyle strongly concave, well ossified unpaired interparietal present, angular relatively high posteriorly, dorsomedial portion of scapula elongated into blade-like structure, anterodorsal margin concave, coracoid with reduced anterior extension, medial flange of clavicle very wide, neck region elongate, more than 55 presacral vertebrae, thoracal rib articulations truncate anterior margin of centrum." | |
| C. Ji et al. 2016 | Large size, possibly over 9 m in adult; frontal entering the upper temporal fenestra; supratemporal anterome- dial extension long; coronoid region slightly elevated; no dental groove; anterodorsal margin of scapula emarginated; humerus proximal and distal width nearly equal. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Reference: Kiessling 2004 | |||||
Collections (14 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Triassic | USA (Nevada) | C. petrinus, Chonespondylus grandis (101860) | |
| Smithian - Spathian | USA (Idaho) | C. sp. (90338) | |
| Anisian | USA (Nevada) | C. nichollsi (196200) | |
| Anisian | Germany (Sachsen-Anhalt) | C. sp. (138123) | |
| Illyrian | USA (Nevada) | C. duelferi (209724) C. nevadanus (75086) C. piscosus (101858) | |
| Illyrian | Switzerland | C. buchseri (98104) | |
| Middle Triassic | USA (Nevada) | C. petrinus (107398) C. sp., C. petrinus, C. natans (34267) | |
| Ladinian | Italy (Udine) | C. sp. (99314) | |
| Ladinian | Norway (Svalbard) | C. sp. (102302 102303) | |
| Ladinian | Italy (Bolzano) | Shastasaurus sp. (109522) |