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Cidaroida (pencil urchin)
Taxonomy
Cidaridae was named by Claus (1880). It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Kroh and Smith (2010).
It was corrected as Cidaroida by Kew (1920), Durham and Melville (1957), Fell (1966), Smith (1991), Donovan (1993), Smith (1995), Boczarowski (2001), Sepkoski (2002), Donovan et al. (2005), Smith (2009), Webster et al. (2009), Kroh and Smith (2010), Smith (2015).
It was assigned to Echinoidea by Kew (1920), Durham and Melville (1957), Donovan (1993), Sepkoski (2002); to Perischoechinoidea by Fell (1966), Boczarowski (2001), Webster et al. (2009); to Cidaroidea by Smith (1991), Donovan et al. (2005), Smith (2009), Kroh and Smith (2010); and to Cidaroidea by Smith (1995), Smith (2015).
It was corrected as Cidaroida by Kew (1920), Durham and Melville (1957), Fell (1966), Smith (1991), Donovan (1993), Smith (1995), Boczarowski (2001), Sepkoski (2002), Donovan et al. (2005), Smith (2009), Webster et al. (2009), Kroh and Smith (2010), Smith (2015).
It was assigned to Echinoidea by Kew (1920), Durham and Melville (1957), Donovan (1993), Sepkoski (2002); to Perischoechinoidea by Fell (1966), Boczarowski (2001), Webster et al. (2009); to Cidaroidea by Smith (1991), Donovan et al. (2005), Smith (2009), Kroh and Smith (2010); and to Cidaroidea by Smith (1995), Smith (2015).
Subtaxa
Cidaridea, Delocidaris, Diplocidaridae, Fellius, Heterocidaridae, Hirudocidaris, Histocidaridea, Leurocidaris, Menocidaris, Mesodiadema, Mikrocidari, Minicidaris, Miocidaridae, Oedematocidaris, Palmerius, Paracidaridae, Polycidaridae (syn. Anisocidaridae, Nenoticidaridae), Prophyllacanthus, Rhabdocidaridae, Serpianotiaridae, Triadotiaridae
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1920 | Cidaroida Kew p. 52 |
| 1957 | Cidaroida Durham and Melville p. 251 |
| 1966 | Cidaroida Fell p. U317 |
| 1991 | Cidaroida Smith p. 15 |
| 1993 | Cidaroida Donovan p. 94 |
| 1995 | Cidaroida Smith p. 123 |
| 2001 | Cidaroida Boczarowski p. 94 |
| 2002 | Cidaroida Sepkoski |
| 2005 | Cidaroida Donovan et al. p. 102 |
| 2009 | Cidaroida Smith |
| 2009 | Cidaroida Webster et al. p. 248 |
| 2010 | Cidaroida Kroh and Smith p. 169 |
| 2015 | Cidaroida Smith p. 4 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. Cidaroida Claus 1880 [pencil urchin]
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Superfm. Cidaridea Gray 1825
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Fm. Cidaridae Gray 1825
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Unr. Cidarinae Gray 1825
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G. †Alpicidaris
G. †Cyathocidaris
G. †Leiocidaris Desor 1855
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†Leiocidaris carolinensis Lambert and Thiery 1925
†Leiocidaris cottreaui Lambert 1930
†Leiocidaris hemigranosus Shumard 1860
†Leiocidaris mitchelli Lambert and Thiery 1925
G. Phyllacanthus Brandt
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†Phyllacanthus carolinensis Emmonds 1858
†Phyllacanthus clarkei Chapman and Cudmore 1934
†Phyllacanthus imperialis Lamarck 1816
†Phyllacanthus javanus Martin 1885
†Phyllacanthus leoni Lambert and Sanchez Roig 1926
†Phyllacanthus mitchelli Emmonds 1858
†Phyllacanthus mortoni Conrad 1850
G. Stylocidaris
G. Cidaris Leske 1778
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Subg. †Cidaris (Bramus) de Gregorio 1930
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†Cidaris (Bramus) pirillus de Gregorio 1930
†Cidaris (Bramus) simplex de Gregorio 1930
Subg. Cidaris (Cidaris) Leske 1778
Subg. †Cidaris (Protocidaris) de Gregorio 1930
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†Cidaris (Protocidaris) bencontestus de Gregorio 1930
†Cidaris admeto Braun 1841
†Cidaris alabamensis Morton 1846
†Cidaris alata Agassiz 1839
†Cidaris alpis Winckler 1861
†Cidaris baculifera Agassiz 1839
†Cidaris bechei Broderip 1835
†Cidaris blandis De Gregorio 1890
†Cidaris bowerbankii Forbes 1850
†Cidaris branneri Arnold 1908
†Cidaris californicus Clark 1893
†Cidaris catenifera Agassiz 1839
†Cidaris cojimarensis Lambert and Sanchez Roig 1926
†Cidaris cornaliae Stoppani 1857
†Cidaris cubensis Lambert 1925
†Cidaris curioni Stoppani 1857
†Cidaris dilleri Clark and Twitchell 1915
†Cidaris dixiensis Cragin 1893
†Cidaris fasciculata Klipstein 1843
†Cidaris flexuosa Münster 1841
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Invalid names: Cidaris brandis Klipstein 1843 [synonym], Cidaris mayeri Klipstein 1843 [synonym]
†Cidaris fumagalli Stoppani 1865
†Cidaris georgiana Clark and Twitchell 1915
†Cidaris grandaeva Goldfuss 1874
†Cidaris guembeli von Wöhrmann 1889
†Cidaris klipsteini Desor 1848
†Cidaris liagora Münster 1841
†Cidaris lorenzanus Kew 1920
†Cidaris loveni Cotteau 1922
†Cidaris martinezensis Kew 1920
†Cidaris mazzettii Stefanini 1908
†Cidaris merriami Arnold 1908
†Cidaris modestus De Gregorio 1890
†Cidaris moereus De Gregoria 1890
†Cidaris mortoni Conrad 1850
†Cidaris omboni Stoppani 1857
†Cidaris ordinatus De Gregorio 1890
†Cidaris parastadifera Schafhautl 1865
†Cidaris perdubius De Gregorio 1890
†Cidaris perornata Forbes 1850
†Cidaris plumasensis Clark and Twitchell 1915
†Cidaris pratti Clark and Twitchell 1915
†Cidaris remiger Ponzi 1876
†Cidaris roemeri Wissmann 1841
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Invalid names: Cidaris globifera Klipstein 1845 [synonym], Cidaris tyrolensis Desor 1855 [objective synonym]
†Cidaris schlonbachi Moesch 1867
†Cidaris serrifera Forbes 1850
†Cidaris shastensis Clark and Twitchell 1915
†Cidaris sinaiensis Fourtau 1921
†Cidaris smithi Clark and Twitchell 1915
†Cidaris splendens Morton 1841
†Cidaris subnobilis Münster 1841
†Cidaris subnodosa von Meyer 1851
†Cidaris taylorensis Clark 1893
†Cidaris tehamaensis Clark and Twitchell 1915
†Cidaris texanus Clark 1891
†Cidaris thouarsii Valencienncs 1846
†Cidaris tribuloides Lamarck 1816
Cidaris tubuloides de Lamarck 1816
†Cidaris vafellus de Loriol 1888
†Cidaris wahalakensis de Loriol 1887
†Eucidaris thouarsii galapagensis Döderlein 1887
Invalid names: Calocidaris Clark 1907 [synonym], Cidarites Lamarck 1816 [synonym]
Subfm. Goniocidarinae Mortensen 1928
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G. Goniocidaris Desor, in Agassiz & Desor 1846
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†Goniocidaris murrayensis Chapman and Cudmore 1934
†Goniocidaris noetlingi Roman 1976
G. Ogmocidaris Mortensen 1921
G. Psilocidaris Mortensen 1927
G. Rhopalocidaris Mortensen 1927
G. Schizocidaris Mortensen 1903
G. Prionocidaris Agassiz 1863
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†Prionocidaris avenionensis Des Moulins 1837
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Invalid names: Cidaris verticillum Mazzetti and Pantanelli 1885 [synonym]
†Prionocidaris baculosa Lamarck 1816
†Prionocidaris baculosa anulifera Lamarck 1816
†Prionocidaris bispinosa Lamarck 1816
†Prionocidaris emiratus Smith 1995
†Prionocidaris morgani Gauthier 1902
Prionocidaris pistillaris Lamarck 1816
†Prionocidaris pseudopistillum Cotteau 1862
Subfm. Rhabdocidarinae Lambert 1900
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G. †Megacidaris
G. †Parhabdocidaris
G. †Plococidaris
G. Porocidaris
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†Porocidaris lopezi Sanchez-Roig 1953
†Porocidaris prior Oppenheim 1902
†Porocidaris schmideli Münster 1833
Subfm. Stereocidarinae Lambert 1900
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G. †Finnacidaris Lambert 1937
G. Goniocidarina Mortensen 1928
G. †Phalacrocidaris Lambert 1902
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†Phalacrocidaris branneri White 1877
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Invalid names: Rhabdocidaris brasiliensis Maury 1936 [synonym], Rhabdocidaris capelloi de Loriol 1887 [synonym]
Phalacrocidaris japonica Doderlein 1885
Invalid names: Anomocidaris Agassiz and Clark 1907 [synonym]
G. Temnocidaris Cotteau 1863
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†Temnocidaris baylei Cotteau 1863
†Temnocidaris danica Desor 1855
Temnocidaris magnifica Cotteau 1863
Subfm. Stylocidarinae Mortensen 1928
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G. †Triassicidaris Smith 1994
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†Triassicidaris ampezzana Zardini 1978
†Triassicidaris peruviensis Smith 1994
Invalid names: Cidarini Gray 1825 [empty], Phyllacanthina Smith and Wright 1989 [empty]
G. †Plegiocidaris Pomel 1883
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†Plegiocidaris bradfordensis Wright 1857
†Plegiocidaris coronata Schlotheim 1820
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Invalid names: Cidarites moniliferus Goldfuss 1826 [synonym]
†Plegiocidaris coronatus Schlotheim 1820
†Plegiocidaris platyspina Gauthier 1873
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Invalid names: Cidaris acrolineata Gauthier 1873 [synonym]
†Plegiocidaris saemanni Cotteau 1857
Invalid names: Abelleicidaris Vadet 1991 [synonym]
Fm. Psychocidaridae Ikeda 1936
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G. Roseicidaris Vadet 1991
G. †Tylocidaris Pomel 1883
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Subg. †Tylocidaris (Sardocidaris) Lambert 1907
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†Tylocidaris (Sardocidaris) scarabellii Stefanini 1907
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Invalid names: Sardocidaris piae Lambert 1907 [synonym]
Subg. †Tylocidaris (Tylocidaris) Pomel 1883
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†Tylocidaris (Tylocidaris) abildgaardi Ravn 1928
†Tylocidaris (Tylocidaris) oedumi Brünnich Nielson 1938
†Tylocidaris (Tylocidaris) ravni Brotzen 1959
†Tylocidaris (Tylocidaris) rosenkrantzei Brotzen 1959
†Tylocidaris gosae Schluter 1892
†Tylocidaris salina Cooke 1959
†Tylocidaris vexilifera Schlüter 1982
†Tylocidaris walcotti Clark 1891
†Tylocidaris windi Brotzen 1959
Invalid names: Roseicidaridae Vadet 1991 [invalid subgroup]
G. †Delocidaris
Fm. †Diplocidaridae Gregory 1900
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G. †Diplocidaris
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†Diplocidaris bernasconii Bischof et al. 2018
†Diplocidaris crausiensis Lambert 1900
†Diplocidaris gigantea Agassiz 1840
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Invalid names: Cidaris cladifera Agassiz 1840 [synonym], Cidaris pustulifera Agassiz 1840 [synonym]
Invalid names: Diplocidaris desori Wright 1857 [nomen dubium], Diplocidaris wrightii Desor 1855 [nomen dubium], Rolliericidaris Vadet 1991 [synonym]
G. †Tetracidaris
G. †Fellius
Fm. †Heterocidaridae Mortensen 1934
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G. †Heterocidaris
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†Heterocidaris wickensis Wright 1861
Invalid names: Heteroechinus Quenstedt 1874 [objective synonym]
G. †Hirudocidaris
G. †Menocidaris
G. †Mesodiadema Neumayr 1889
G. †Mikrocidari Döderlein 1887
G. †Minicidaris
Fm. †Miocidaridae Durham and Melville 1957
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G. †Anaulocidaris
G. †Aplocidaris Lambert and Thiéry 1909
G. †Couvelardicidaris Vadet 1991
G. †Eotiaris Lambert 1900
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†Eotiaris connorsi Kier 1965
†Eotiaris guadalupensis Thompson 2017
†Eotiaris keyserlingi Geinitz 1848
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Invalid names: Archaeocidaris verneuiliana King 1848 [synonym], Cidaris verneuiliana King 1848 [synonym]
G. †Miocidaris Döderlein 1887
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Subg. †Miocidaris (Serpianotiaris) Jeannet 1933
†Miocidaris adrianae Zardini 1975
†Miocidaris amalthei Quenstedt 1875
†Miocidaris platyacantha Nisiyama 1966
†Miocidaris spinulifera Nisiyama 1966
G. †Pachycidaris
G. †Panniericidaris Vadet 1991
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G. †Permocidaris Lambert 1900
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†Permocidaris forbesiana de Koninck 1863
†Permocidaris pakistanensis Linck 1955
G. †Procidaris
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†Procidaris edwardsii Wright 1854
†Procidaris lobatum Wright 1861
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Invalid names: Cidaris crossei Cotteau 1875 [synonym], Miocidaris tenuispina Mortensen 1934 [synonym]
G. †Oedematocidaris
G. †Palmerius
Fm. †Paracidaridae Smith 2015
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Fm. †Polycidaridae Vadet 1988
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G. †Nudicidaris Vadet 1988
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†Nudicidaris elegans Muenster 1829
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Invalid names: Cidaris mathei Desor and de Loriol 1868 [synonym]
G. †Paracidaris
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Subg. †Paracidaris (Anisocidaris)
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†Anisocidaris bajociensis Cotteau 1875
†Anisocidaris smithii Wright 1857
†Anisocidaris zschokkei Cotteau 1875
†Paracidaris (Anisocidaris) eluveitie Hostettler and Menkveld-Gfeller 2015
†Paracidaris (Anisocidaris) parandieri Agassiz 1840
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Invalid names: Cidaris aspera Agassiz 1840 [synonym]
Invalid names: Nenoticidaris Vadet 1988 [synonym]
†Paracidaris florigemma Phillips 1829
†Paracidaris jeanneti Lambert 1924
†Paracidaris laeviuscula Agassiz 1840
†Paracidaris toucasi Cotteau 1875
†Paracidaris wrightii Desor 1855
Invalid names: Chesniericidaris Vadet 2004 [synonym]
G. †Polycidaris
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†Polycidaris escheri de Loriol 1868
†Polycidaris gygii Hostettler and Menkveld-Gfeller 2015
†Polycidaris legayi Sauvage and Rigaux 1873
†Polycidaris regularis Münster 1841
†Polycidaris spinosa Agassiz 1840
G. †Romanocidaris Vadet 1991
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†Romanocidaris filograna Agassiz 1840
†Romanocidaris laeviuscula Agassiz 1840
Invalid names: Anisocidaridae Vadet 1999 [synonym], Nenoticidaridae Vadet 1988 [synonym]
G. †Prophyllacanthus
Fm. †Rhabdocidaridae Lambert 1900
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G. Histocidaris Mortensen 1903
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†Histocidaris cobosi Agassiz 1898
Histocidaris elegans Agassiz 1879
†Histocidaris rosaria Bronn 1831
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Invalid names: Cidarites hirta Sismonda 1842 [synonym], Cidarites serraria Bronn 1831 [synonym], Cidarites signata Sismonda 1842 [synonym]
G. †Laurenticidaris Vadet 1991
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†Laurenticidaris copeoides Agassiz 1846
Invalid names: Rhabdocidaris thurmanni regens Whidborne 1883 [synonym]
G. †Rhabdocidaris Desor 1855
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†Rhabdocidaris copeoides Agassiz and Desor 1847
†Rhabdocidaris deubelbeissi Hostettler and Menkveld-Gfeller 2015
†Rhabdocidaris fowleri Wright 1851
†Rhabdocidaris horrida Agassiz 1840
†Rhabdocidaris orbignyana Agassiz 1840
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Invalid names: Rhabdocidaris caprimontana Desor 1861 [synonym]
†Rhabdocidaris rauraca Jeannet 1929
†Rhabdocidaris sanchezi Lambert 1925
†Rhabdocidaris subcoronata Münster 1841
†Rhabdocidaris thurmanni de Loriol 1872
†Rhabdocidaris zitteli de Loriol 1883
Invalid names: Callaudicidaris Vadet 1991 [synonym], Dickesicidaris Vadet 1988 [synonym]
Fm. †Serpianotiaridae Hagdorn 1995
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Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order, c = class, p = phylum | |||||
| References: Aberhan 1992, Kiessling 2004 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Sakmarian to the top of the Holocene or 293.52000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 290.1 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 290.1 Ma
Collections (1018 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Permian | Japan (Gifu) | Miocidaris spinulifera, Miocidaris platyacantha (204371) | |
| Sakmarian | Australia (Western Australia) | Cidaroida indet. (120566) | |
| Kungurian | Venezuela (Merida) | Cidaroida indet. (41514) | |
| Kungurian | USA (Texas) | Cidaroida indet. (43589) | |
| Roadian | USA (Texas) | Cidaroida indet. (43551 43563) Miocidaris sp. (105742) | |
| Wordian | Italy | Cidaris bencontestus, Cidaris pirillus, Cidaris elaboratus, Cidaris simplex (233340) | |
| Wordian | USA (Texas) | Cidaroida indet. (43550) | |
| Capitanian | USA (Texas) | Eotiaris guadalupensis (101798 102618 105893) Miocidaris connorsi (106127) | |
| Wuchiapingian | United Kingdom (England) | Archaeocidaris verneuiliana (130765 130766) Miocidaris keyserlingi (24085 109717) | |
| Wuchiapingian | Pakistan | Eocidaris forbesiana (82633 119544 119545 119546) | |
| Wuchiapingian | Germany | Miocidaris keyserlingi (94445 161466) | |
| Wuchiapingian | United Kingdom | Cidaris sp. (130834 130870 130871) Miocidaris keyserlingi (161465) | |
| Lopingian | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Archaeocidaris keyserlingi (206739 206740) | |
| Changhsingian | Italy | Miocidaris sp. (44450) | |
| Griesbachian | Pakistan | Cidaroida indet. (110945 110951) Miocidaris pakistanensis (110936) | |
| Triassic | Hungary (Bakony) | Miocidaris sp., Plegiocidaris sp., Cidaris alata, Cidaris fasciculata (56068) | |
| Smithian | USA (Utah) | Lenticidaris utahensis (116017) | |
| Spathian | USA (Nevada) | Miocidaris sp. (32943 32945) | |
| Spathian | USA (Idaho) | Miocidaris sp. (32977) | |
| Spathian | USA (Montana) | Miocidaris sp. (32975) | |