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Taxonomy
Xenocyon was named by Kretzoi (1938).
It was reranked as Canis (Xenocyon) by Rook (1994), Bartolini-Lucenti and Spassov (2022).
It was assigned to Canina by Wang et al. (2008), Tedford et al. (2009); to Canini by Jiangzuo et al. (2022); and to Canis by Rook (1994), Bartolini-Lucenti and Spassov (2022).
It was reranked as Canis (Xenocyon) by Rook (1994), Bartolini-Lucenti and Spassov (2022).
It was assigned to Canina by Wang et al. (2008), Tedford et al. (2009); to Canini by Jiangzuo et al. (2022); and to Canis by Rook (1994), Bartolini-Lucenti and Spassov (2022).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1938 | Xenocyon Kretzoi p. 150 |
| 1994 | Canis (Xenocyon) Rook |
| 2008 | Xenocyon Wang et al. |
| 2009 | Xenocyon Tedford et al. |
| 2022 | Canis (Xenocyon) Bartolini-Lucenti and Spassov |
| 2022 | Xenocyon Jiangzuo et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Xenocyon Kretzoi 1938
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†Xenocyon antonii Zdansky 1924
†Xenocyon brevicephalus Qiu et al. 2004
†Xenocyon dubius Teilhard de Chardin 1940
†Xenocyon falconeri Forsyth-Major 1877
†Xenocyon lycaonoides Kretzoi 1938
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Invalid names: Cuon dubius stehlini Thenius 1954 [synonym], Cuon rosi Pons-Moyá and Moyá-Solá 1978 [synonym], Cuon stehlini Thenius 1954 [synonym], Xenocyon gigas Kretzoi 1941 [synonym], Xenocyon spelaeoides Kretzoi 1942 [synonym]
†Xenocyon texanus Troxell 1915
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| R. H. Tedford et al. 2009 | Canids of large size, comparable to C. lupus; horizontal ramus deep and robust; coronoid process low relative to length; cheek toothrow straight, lacking inward inflection at premolar-molar junction seen in C. lupus; canines with short crowns; M1 with weakly developed labial and lingual cinguli, hypocone small, conules weakly developed; M2 not markedly reduced relative to M1, metaconule absent, postpro- tocrista present; lower premolar row lacks diastemata; p2 and p3 without posterior cusp; p4 with posterior cusp; posterior cingulum of p3 lies below base of crown of p4; p4 with second posterior cusp anterior to cingulum; tip of p4 lies at or above tip of m1 paraconid; m1 metaconid greatly reduced, entoconid represented by a low crest or absent, yet hypoconid often retains trace of connecting cristid, hypoconid nearly centrally positioned on talonid; m2 not markedly reduced relative to m1, metaconid greatly reduced but present, hypoconid present and labially placed on talonid, entoconid not differentiated from lingual talonid crest; anterolabial cingulum weak or absent; m3 present and bicuspid. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Nowak 1991, Ji et al. 2002, Carroll 1988, Lillegraven 1979, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range: base of the Late/Upper Pliocene to the top of the Irvingtonian or 3.60000 to 0.30000 Ma
Collections (43 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pliocene | Romania | Canis falconeri (39845) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene | China (Henan) | Canis antonii (231193) | |
| Gelasian | Spain (Granada) | Canis falconeri (77773) | |
| MN 17 | France | X. falconeri (47129) | |
| MN 17 | Spain (Teruel) | Canis falconeri (36112) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Slovakia | X. lycaonoides (230805) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Greece (Macedonia) | Canis sp. (34784) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Spain (Murcia) | X. rosi (34911) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Russian Federation (Western Transbaikalia) | X. sp. (40266) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Italy (Tuscany) | Canis falconeri (44146) X. falconeri (231192) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | China (Gansu) | Canis brevicephalus (190068) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Romania | Canis falconeri (32145) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Spain (Granada) | Canis falconeri (34898) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Mongolia | X. lycaonoides (71060) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Georgia | X. lycaonoides (56733) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | France (Alpes Maritimes) | X. lycaonoides (50342) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Italy (Foggia) | Canis falconeri (40997 41003 41006) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Germany (Thuringia) | X. lycaonoides (230981) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Russian Federation | Canis lycaonoides (197958) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Algeria (Northern Algeria) | Canis atrox (197944) | |
| Pleistocene | Georgia | X. lycaonoides (40398) | |
| Pleistocene | Greece (Chalkidiki) | X. lycaonoides (183123) | |
| Pleistocene | Belgium | X. lycaonoides (34127) | |
| Pleistocene | Tajikistan | Canis lycaonoides (34104) | |
| Pleistocene | Italy (Toscana) | Canis falconeri (36373) | |
| Pleistocene | Israel | Canis falconeri (37024) | |
| Calabrian | Italy | Canis falconeri (49239) | |
| Calabrian | Tanzania | Canis africanus (230987) | |
| Irvingtonian | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Borophagus diversidens (20563) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Texas) | Canis texanus (20498) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | France (Provence) | Cuon stehlini (48891 48910 48911) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | France | Cuon stehlini (49092) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Czech Republic | Lycaon lycaonoides (230989) X. spelaeoides (36214) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | China (Liaoning) | X. lycaonoides (230980) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Canada (Yukon) | X. lycaonoides (159681) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz) | X. lycaonoides (50196) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Germany (Bayern) | X. lycaonoides (36220) |