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Istiophoriformes
Taxonomy
Istiophoriformes is an order. It is extant.
It was assigned to Carangimorphariae by Betancur et al. (2013); and to Ovalentaria by Nelson et al. (2016), Ebersole et al. (2019), Ebersole et al. (2024), Cicimurri et al. (2025).
It was assigned to Carangimorphariae by Betancur et al. (2013); and to Ovalentaria by Nelson et al. (2016), Ebersole et al. (2019), Ebersole et al. (2024), Cicimurri et al. (2025).
Subtaxa
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 2013 | Istiophoriformes Betancur et al. |
| 2016 | Istiophoriformes Nelson et al. p. 387 |
| 2019 | Istiophoriformes Ebersole et al. p. 166 |
| 2024 | Istiophoriformes Ebersole et al. p. 13 |
| 2025 | Istiophoriformes Cicimurri et al. p. 81 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. Istiophoriformes
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Fm. Istiophoridae
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G. †Hemirhabdorhynchus Casier 1946
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†Hemirhabdorhynchus depressus Casier 1946
†Hemirhabdorhynchus elliotti Casier 1966
†Hemirhabdorhynchus ypresiensis Casier 1946
G. Istiophorus Lacépède 1802
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†Istiophorus antiquus Leidy 1855
†Istiophorus calvertensis Berry 1917
†Istiophorus homalorhamphus Cope 1855
†Istiophorus parvulus Marsh 1869
Istiophorus platypterus Shaw and Nodder 1792
Istiophorus robustus Leidy 1860
Invalid names: Brachyrhynchus Van Beneden 1871 [synonym], Encheiziphius Rutimeyer 1857 [synonym]
G. Makaira Lacépède 1802
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†Makaira belgicus Leriche 1926
Makaira indica Cuvier 1832
Makaira nigricans Lacépède 1802
†Makaira panamensis Fierstine 1978
†Makaira purdyi Fierstine 1999
†Makaira teretirostris Van Beneden 1871
G. †Marlina Grey 1928
Invalid names: Istiophorus solidus Van Beneden 1871 [invalid subgroup]
Fm. Sphyraenidae [barracuda]
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G. Sphyraena Artedi 1793 [barracuda]
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†Sphyraena amici Agassiz 1843
Sphyraena argentea Girard 1854
Sphyraena barracuda Edwards 1771
†Sphyraena bognorensis Casier 1966
†Sphyraena crassidens de Beaufort 1926
†Sphyraena croatica Gorjanović-Kramberger 1882
†Sphyraena cunhai Silva-Santos and Travassos 1960
†Sphyraena egleri Silva-Santos and Travassos 1960
†Sphyraena fajumensis Dames 1883
†Sphyraena hansfuchsi Schubert 1906
†Sphyraena intermedia Bassani 1889
†Sphyraena kugleri Casier 1966
†Sphyraena longimana Arambourg 1966
†Sphyraena lugardi White 1926
†Sphyraena major Leidy 1855
†Sphyraena malembeensis Dartevelle and Casier 1943
†Sphyraena muelleri Schwarzhans 1994
Sphyraena novaehollandiae Günther 1900
†Sphyraena pannonica Weiler 1938
†Sphyraena senni Casier 1966
†Sphyraena sternbergensis Winkler 1975
†Sphyraena striata Casier 1946
†Sphyraena substriata Münster 1846
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Invalid names: Saurocephalus inequalis Münster 1846 [synonym], Sphyraena olisiponensis Jonet 1966 [synonym]
†Sphyraena suessi Gorjanović-Kramberger 1882
†Sphyraena tyrolensis von Meyer 1863
†Sphyraena viannai Dartevelle and Casier 1949
†Sphyraena viennensis Steindachner 1859
†Sphyraena weberi Leriche 1954
†Sphyraena winkleri Lawley 1876
Fm. Xiphiidae Swainson 1839 [sword fish]
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G. †Glyptorhynchus Leriche
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†Glyptorhynchus compressus Leriche 1936
†Glyptorhynchus triangulus Robba 1970
Subfm. Xiphiinae Swainson 1839
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Invalid names: Istiophorini Lutken 1875 [empty], Xiphiorhynchini Regan 1909 [empty]
Subfm. †Xiphiorhynchinae Regan 1909
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G. †Xiphiorhynchus Van Beneden 1871
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†Xiphiorhynchus aegyptiacus Weiler 1929
†Xiphiorhynchus courcelli Arambourg 1927
†Xiphiorhynchus elegans Van Beneden 1871
†Xiphiorhynchus eocaenicus Woodward 1901
†Xiphiorhynchus homalorhamphus Cope 1869
†Xiphiorhynchus hungaricus Weiler 1943
†Xiphiorhynchus kimblalocki Fierstine and Applegate 1974
†Xiphiorhynchus parvus Casier 1966
†Xiphiorhynchus rotundus Monsch et al. 2005
†Xiphiorhynchus rupeliensis Leriche 1909
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| Reference: Carroll 1988 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Maastrichtian to the top of the Holocene or 72.20000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma
Collections (150 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | India (Maharashtra) | Sphyraena sp. (58102) | |
| Thanetian | USA (New Jersey) | Histiophorus homalorhamphus (3113) | |
| Thanetian | USA (Maryland) | Ischyrhiza radiata (84045) | |
| Early/Lower Eocene | United Kingdom (England) | Xiphiidae indet. (38950) | |
| Ypresian | Belgium | Hemirhabdorhynchus ypresiansis, Sphyraena sp., Glyptorhynchus bruxelliensis, Glyptorhynchus sp., Sphyraena striata, Hemirhabdorhynchus depressus, Glyptorhynchus compressus (219001) | |
| Ypresian | India (Gujarat) | Sphyraena sp. (71438) | |
| Ypresian | United Kingdom | Makaira sp., Rotundorhynchus brittanicus, Tamesichthys decipiens (215472) | |
| Ypresian | United Kingdom (England) | Sphyraena bognorensis (8050) Xiphiorhynchus sp., Sphyraena bognorensis, Tamesichthys decipens, Hemirhabdorhynchus elliotti, Xiphiorhynchus parvus (13299) | |
| Ypresian | Italy | Sphyraena bolcensis (94830) | |
| Ypresian - Lutetian | USA (Alabama) | Sphyraena sp. (81179 209524) | |
| Early/Lower Eocene - Middle Eocene | United Kingdom (England) | Sphyraena sp. (3257) | |
| Eocene | Pakistan | Sphyraena sp. (79971) | |
| Eocene | USA (New Jersey) | Xiphias antiquus (84050) | |
| Wasatchian | USA (Virginia) | Sphyraena bognorensis (15595) | |
| Lutetian | Nigeria | Sphyraena lugardi (60711) | |
| Lutetian | USA (Texas) | Sphyraena sp. (209371) | |
| Lutetian | Ukraine | Sphyraena sp. (211009) | |
| Lutetian | USA (Alabama) | Sphyraena sp. (13346 209368 209521 209522) | |
| Lutetian | United Kingdom (England) | Brachyrhynchus sp. (41989) Xiphiorhynchus sp. (41888) Xiphiorhynchus sp., Brachyrhynchus sp. (41992) | |
| Lutetian | Germany (Lower Saxony,) | Sphyraena fluctuosa (188954) | |