PBDB Taxon

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Lima

Bivalvia - Pectinida - Limidae

Taxonomy

Lima was named by Bruguière (1797) [Sepkoski's age data: Tr Anis-l R Sepkoski's reference number: 674]. It is extant. Its type is Ostrea lima.

It was assigned to Ostreidae by Holmes (1860); to Pterioida by Sepkoski (2002); to Limidae by Meek (1864), Stanton (1895), Glenn (1904), Packard (1922), Nagao (1928), Nagao (1928), Grant, IV and Gale (1931), Popenoe (1937), Woodring (1938), Durham (1944), Vokes (1973), Vokes (1980), Moore (1987), Beu et al. (1990), Squires and Demetrion (1992), Lamprell and Whitehead (1992), Todd (2001), Marquet (2002) and Spencer et al. (2004); and to Liminae by Bouchet et al. (2010).

Species

Glaucion, L. (Lima), L. (Lima) pelagica, L. (Mantellum), L. (Radula) baliana, L. (Radula) baungensis, L. (Radula) mungoensis, L. (Radula) skuphi, L. (Radula) subcumaunica, L. (Radula) valmariannae, L. (Regalilima), L. (Tirolidia), L. acuta, L. acutilineata, L. aequilatera, L. alpissordidae, L. alternans, L. amaxensis, L. appressa, L. areolaris, L. austriaca, L. azzarolae, L. balatonica, L. bassii, L. bela, L. bella, L. blackburnei, L. bulloides, L. canalifera, L. cancellata, L. caribaea, L. cholla, L. cinnabarensis, L. clathrata, L. colorata, L. connectens, L. coodei, L. costata, L. costulata, L. cottaldina, L. dehiscens, L. delaunayi, L. densepunctata, L. dilleri, L. discus, L. distincta, L. eocenica, L. ericensis, L. espinal, L. exilis, L. flexicostata, L. fulgurans, L. geronimoensis, L. glacialis, L. goliath, L. goyoni, L. halensis, L. harrisiana, L. incurvostriata, L. iraonensis, L. kennedyi, L. kimballi, L. klipsteini, L. lima, L. lineata, L. lineatopunctatus, L. linguliformis, L. loczyi, L. martini, L. maxima, L. microtis, L. moeschi, L. multilineata, L. muralensis, L. nana, L. oliva, L. packardi, L. pangymna, L. parallela, L. patagonica, L. paulula, L. paupercula, L. plicatula, L. polyactina, L. reniformis, L. retifera, L. robertsae, L. sayrei, L. schardti, L. shastensis, L. strigilis, L. subauriculata, L. subdensepunctata, L. subdistincta, L. subdupla, L. subpunctata, L. subretifera, L. succincta, L. taylorensis, L. telleri, L. tenuilineata, L. tetrica, L. transversa, L. vulgaris, L. wacoensis, L. williamsoni, L. xiangnanensis, L. zealandica, L. zitteli, Limigenus, Radula bernayi

Species lacking formal opinion data

L. aspera, L. bittneri, L. boonei, L. brancoi, L. callovica, L. catalaunica, L. columbiae, L. cometi, L. complanata, L. elpasensis, L. eryx, L. janetae, L. joleaudi, L. kindopeensis, L. limopsis, L. occidentalis, L. paleata, L. papillifera, L. saurassovi, L. schimperi, L. soror, L. striatissima, L. swenanderi, L. toarcensis, L. utahensis, L. virgulina, L. wynnei, L. yataensis, L. yeovilensis

Sister genera

Glaucion, Limigenus

Synonyms

Limigenus was named by Renier (1807). It is extant.

It was considered an invalid subgroup of Lima by Vokes (1973).
Austrolima was named by Iredale (1929). It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Lima by Vokes (1973).

It was assigned to Limidae by Vokes (1980).
Glaucion was named by Oken (1815). It is extant.

It was considered an invalid subgroup of Lima by Vokes (1973) and Vokes (1980).
Radula was named by Mörch (1853). It is extant.

It was reranked as Lima (Radula) by Dartevelle and Freneix (1957); it was synonymized subjectively with Lima by Vokes (1973) and Vokes (1980).

It was assigned to Lima by Dartevelle and Freneix (1957); and to Radulidae by Bouchet et al. (2010).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1797	Lima Bruguière
1807	Limigenus Renier
1815	Glaucion Oken
1853	Radula Mörch p. 56
1860	Lima Holmes p. 11
1864	Lima Meek p. 43
1895	Lima Stanton p. 35
1904	Lima Glenn p. 368
1922	Lima Packard p. 421
1928	Lima Nagao p. 40
1929	Austrolima Iredale p. 61
1931	Lima Grant, IV and Gale p. 239
1937	Lima Popenoe p. 381
1938	Lima Woodring p. 47
1944	Lima Durham p. 139
1957	Lima (Radula) Dartevelle and Freneix p. 97
1973	Lima Vokes p. 87
1980	Austrolima Vokes p. 61
1980	Lima Vokes p. 61
1987	Lima Moore p. C13
1990	Lima Beu et al. p. 396
1992	Lima Lamprell and Whitehead p. 36
1992	Lima Squires and Demetrion p. 38
2001	Lima Todd
2002	Lima Marquet
2002	Lima Sepkoski
2004	Lima Spencer et al.
2010	Lima Bouchet et al.
2010	Radula Bouchet et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca
class	Bivalvia
—	Eubivalvia
subclass	Autobranchia	(Groblen 1894)
infraclass	Pteriomorphia	(Beurlen 1944)

Rank	Name	Author
—	Ostreomorphi	Ferussac 1822
—	Ostreioni	Ferussac 1822
—	Ostreata	Ferussac 1822
superorder	Ostreiformii	Ferussac 1822
order	Pectinida	(Gray 1854)
suborder	Anomiidina	Gray 1854
—	Limoidei	(Moore 1952)
superfamily	Limoidea	(Rafinesque 1815)
family	Limidae	Rafinesque 1815
genus	Lima	Bruguière 1797

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Lima Bruguière 1797

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Subg. Lima (Lima) Bruguiére 1796

Lima (Lima) rembangensis Pannekoek 1936

†Lima (Lima) tampaensis Dall 1898

†Lima (Lima) vedderi Moore 1977

†Lima (Lima) pelagica Morton 1833

Subg. Lima (Mantellum) Röding 1798

†Lima (Mantellum) duplicata Carle Sowerby 1827

†Lima (Mantellum) sergipica Maury 1936

†Mantellum inconspicuum Marwick 1926

Subg. †Lima (Regalilima) Cox 1943

Subg. †Lima (Tirolidia) Bittner 1895

†Lima (Tirolidia) cassiana Bittner 1895

†Lima (Tirolidia) haueriana Bittner 1895

†Lima (Tirolidia) valarsana Bittner 1895

†Lima acuta Hyatt 1892

†Lima acutilineata Conrad 1858

†Lima aequilatera Buvignier 1852

†Lima alpissordidae Winkler 1864

†Lima alternans Bittner 1895

†Lima amaxensis Yokoyama 1911

†Lima amaxensis kumasoana Nagao 1928

†Lima appressa Gabb 1864

†Lima areolaris Bittner 1895

†Lima austriaca Bittner 1895

†Lima azzarolae Stoppani 1865

†Lima balatonica Bittner 1901

†Lima bassii Tenison Woods 1877

†Lima bela Dickerson 1917

†Lima bella Dickerson 1917

†Lima blackburnei Smith 1927

†Lima bulloides Lamarck 1806

†Lima canalifera Goldfuss 1836

†Lima cancellata Bittner 1895

Lima caribaea d'Orbigny 1853

†Lima cholla Stoyanow 1949

†Lima cinnabarensis Stanton 1899

†Lima clathrata Fang 1987

†Lima colorata Hutton 1873

†Lima connectens Gemmellaro 1896

†Lima coodei Damon 1860

†Lima costata Münster 1836

†Lima costulata Roemer 1839

†Lima cottaldina d'Orbigny 1847

Lima dehiscens Conrad 1837

†Lima delaunayi Cossmann 1907

†Lima densepunctata Roemer 1836

†Lima dilleri Hyatt 1892

†Lima discus Stoppani 1865

†Lima distincta Bittner 1901

†Lima eocenica Nagao 1928

†Lima ericensis De Gregorio 1930

†Lima espinal Stoyanow 1949

†Lima exilis Wood 1839

†Lima flexicostata Winckler 1861

†Lima fulgurans Martin 1933

†Lima geronimoensis Stephenson 1941

Lima glacialis Gmelin 1791

†Lima goliath Sowerby 1883

†Lima goyoni Fischer 1964

†Lima halensis Dall 1916

†Lima harrisiana Alrdrich 1910

†Lima incurvostriata Gümbel 1889

†Lima iraonensis Newton 1895

†Lima kennedyi Squires and Demetrion 1992

†Lima kimballi Smith 1927

†Lima klipsteini Cossmann and Lambert 1884

Lima lima Linnaeus 1758

†Lima lineata Schlotheim 1820

†Lima lineatopunctatus Stoppani 1857

†Lima linguliformis Tate 1886

†Lima loczyi Bittner 1901

†Lima martini Smith 1927

†Lima maxima D'Archiac 1837

†Lima microtis Gabb 1864

†Lima moeschi Loriol 1881

†Lima multilineata Stanton 1895

†Lima muralensis Stoyanow 1949

†Lima nana Fang 1987

†Lima oliva Stoppani 1865

†Lima packardi Weaver and Van Winkle Palmer 1922

†Lima pangymna Cossmann 1907

†Lima parallela Sowerby 1812

†Lima patagonica Wilckens 1907

†Lima paulula Bittner 1895

†Lima paupercula Bittner 1895

†Lima plicatula Wood 1839

†Lima polyactina Tate 1886

†Lima reniformis von Koenen 1897

†Lima retifera Bittner 1895

†Lima robertsae Durham 1944

†Lima sayrei Stephenson 1941

†Lima schardti de Loriol 1883

†Lima shastensis Gabb 1869

†Lima strigilis Bittner 1895

Lima subauriculata Montagu 1808

†Lima subdensepunctata Futterer 1897

†Lima subdistincta Kiparisova 1966

†Lima subdupla Stoppani 1865

†Lima subpunctata d'Orbigny 1849

†Lima subretifera Gemmellaro 1896

†Lima succincta Dumortier 1867

†Lima taylorensis Hyatt 1892

†Lima telleri Bittner 1895

†Lima tenuilineata Fang 1987

Lima tetrica Gould 1851

†Lima transversa Polubotko 1966

Lima vulgaris Link 1807

†Lima wacoensis Roemer 1849

†Lima williamsoni Marwick 1953

†Lima xiangnanensis Fang 1987

Lima zealandica Sowerby 1876

†Lima zitteli Broili 1904

Invalid names: Austrolima Iredale 1929 [synonym], Glaucion Oken 1815 [invalid subgroup], Limigenus Renier 1807 [invalid subgroup], Radula Mörch 1853 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

part	N	mean	minimum	maximum	median	s.d.
valve height	11	12.7	5.98	30.9	11.1	7.67

Composition:

aragonitef

Composition 2:

low Mg calcitef

Environment:

marineo

Locomotion:

facultatively mobileg

Attached:

yesf

Life habit:

epifaunalg

Diet:

suspension feederg

Vision:

blindc

Comments:

LIFE HISTORY: EP, SE, BA, SU according to Todd (2001).g

Created:

2009-09-09 08:35:40

Modified:

2009-09-09 10:35:40

Source: g = genus, f = family, o = order, c = class

References: Kiessling 2004, Sanchez Roig 1926, Aberhan et al. 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Kasimovian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 307.00000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 298.9 Ma

Collections (877 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Kasimovian - Gzhelian	307.0 - 298.9	USA (Utah)	L. sp. (39993)
Permian	298.9 - 251.902	USA (Alaska)	L. sp. A, L. sp. B (112193) L. sp. B (112196)
Wordian	266.9 - 264.28	Italy	L. connectens (108675) L. subretifera, L. connectens (108672)
Wordian	266.9 - 264.28	Russian Federation	L. retiferiformis (197764)
Capitanian	264.28 - 259.51	China (Guangdong)	L. sp. (113864)
Wuchiapingian	259.9 - 254.17	China (Hunan)	L. clathrata (107824) L. clathrata, L. tenuilineata (107826) L. clathrata, L. xiangnanensis (101951) L. clathrata, L. xiangnanensis, L. tenuilineata, L. nana (107820)
Triassic	251.902 - 201.4	Italy (Belluno)	L. haueriana (202354)
Triassic	251.902 - 201.4	Vietnam (Tinh Lai Chau)	L. joleaudi, L. subpunctata (77537)
Olenekian	251.2 - 247.2	Japan	L. sp. (115244 115245)
Olenekian - Anisian	251.2 - 242.0	Jordan (Janoobiah)	L. lineata, L. costata (201986)
Anisian	247.2 - 242.0	Bosnia and Herzegovina	L. sp. (206619 206722) L. subpunctata (206720)
Anisian	247.2 - 242.0	India (Himachal Pradesh)	L. lineata (206205)
Anisian	247.2 - 242.0	Austria	Mysidioptera incurvostriata (99832)
Anisian	247.2 - 242.0	Poland	L. subpunctata, L. lineata, L. costata (63538)
Anisian	247.2 - 242.0	India (Uttarakhand)	L. sp. (206204)
Anisian	247.2 - 242.0	Austria (Innsbruck)	L. cancellata (202274) Tirolidia cassianae (202275)
Anisian	247.2 - 242.0	Chile (Huasco)	L. costata (223363)
Anisian	247.2 - 242.0	Italy (Verona)	L. valarsana (202355)
Anisian	247.2 - 242.0	Chile (Atacama)	L. costata (200772)
Bithynian - Pelsonian	247.2 - 242.0	Bulgaria	L. costata (44917)