PBDB Collection

Surai Khola (Miocene to of Nepal)

Also known as Mahendra Highway

Where: Nepal (27.8° N, 82.8° E)

• Paleocoordinates: 20.1° N, 83.1° E (Wright 2013)

• coordinate based on nearby landmark

• local area-level geographic resolution

When: Siwalik Group, Miocene to Miocene (23.0 - 2.6 Ma)

• group-level stratigraphic resolution

Environment/lithology: fluvial; lithology not reported

Size class: macrofossils

Preservation: mold/impression

Primary reference: M. Prasad. 2008. Angiospermous fossil leaves from the Siwalik foreland basins and their palaeoclimatic implications. The Palaeobotanist 57:177-215 [B. Allen/B. Allen]more details

Purpose of describing collection: biostratigraphic analysis

PaleoDB collection 222975: authorized by Bethany Allen, entered by Bethany Allen on 01.11.2021, edited by Grace Varnham and Philip Mannion

Creative Commons license: CC0 (CC0)

Taxonomic list

Show authors, comments, and common names

Dicotyledoneae
Myrtales - Myrtaceae	Syzygium palaeocuminii Syzygium palaeocuminii Prasad and Awasthi 1996 bush cherry
Myrtales - Lythraceae	Duabanga siwalica Duabanga siwalica Prasad and Pandey 2008
Myrtales - Combretaceae	Terminalia palaeochebula, Terminalia panandhroensis Terminalia palaeochebula Awasthi and Prasad 1990 Terminalia panandhroensis Lahkanpal and Guleria 1978
Primulales - Myrsinaceae	Myrsine precapitellata Myrsine precapitellata Prasad and Pandey 2008
Ericales - Ebenaceae	Diospyros miocenicus, Diospyros miokaki Diospyros miocenicus Prasad and Awasthi 1996 Diospyros miokaki Awasthi and Prasad 1990
Angiospermae
Laurales - Lauraceae	Machilus miocenica, Cinnamomum nepalensis, Actinodaphne palaeoangustifolia Machilus miocenica Prasad and Pandey 2008 laurel Cinnamomum nepalensis Prasad and Pandey 2008 cinnamon Actinodaphne palaeoangustifolia Antal and Awasthi 1993 laurel
Violales - Flacourtiaceae	Hydnocarpus siwalicus, Hydnocarpus chorkholaensis, Xylosma nepalensis, Flacourtia tertiara, Flacourtia nepalensis Hydnocarpus siwalicus Prasad and Awasthi 1996 Hydnocarpus chorkholaensis Prasad and Awasthi 1996 Xylosma nepalensis Prasad and Pandey 2008 brushholly Flacourtia tertiara Prasad and Awasthi 1996 Flacourtia nepalensis Awasthi and Prasad 1990
Caryophyllales - Ancistrocladaceae	Ancistrocladus suraikholaensis n. sp. Ancistrocladus suraikholaensis n. sp. Prasad and Pandey 2008
Santalales - Olacaceae	Olax bankasii Olax bankasii Prasad and Pandey 2008
Gentianales - Apocynaceae	Wrightia palaeotinctoria, Chonemorpha miocenica Wrightia palaeotinctoria Prasad and Awasthi 1996 dogbane Chonemorpha miocenica Prasad and Awasthi 1996 dogbane
Gentianales - Rubiaceae	Randia palaeofasciculata, Anthocephalus siwalica, Diplospora siwalica Randia palaeofasciculata Prasad and Awasthi 1996 indigoberry Anthocephalus siwalica Prasad and Awasthi 1996 coffee Diplospora siwalica Prasad and Awasthi 1996 coffee
Ranunculales - Menispermaceae	Cocculus miotrilobus Cocculus miotrilobus Prasad and Pandey 2008
Mesangiosperms - Arecaceae	Caryota siwalica Caryota siwalica Awasthi and Prasad 1990 fishtail palm
Poales - Poaceae	Bambusa siwalika Bambusa siwalika Awasthi and Prasad 1990 bamboo
Zingiberales - Marantaceae	"Clinogyne ovatus" = Donax ovatus "Clinogyne ovatus" = Donax ovatus Awasthi and Prasad 1990 arrowroot
Rosids - Moraceae	Artocarpus nepalensis, Ficus raptiensis Artocarpus nepalensis Prasad and Awasthi 1996 mulberry Ficus raptiensis Prasad and Awasthi 1996 fig
Malpighiales - Ochnaceae	Ochna siwalika Ochna siwalika Prasad and Pandey 2008 bird's-eye bush
Malpighiales - Euphorbiaceae	Cleistanthus suraikholaensis n. sp., Bridelia mioretusa, Bridelia siwalica, Breynia prerhamnoides, Phyllanthus palaeoreticulatus, Excoecaria palaeocrenulata, Mallotus kalimpongensis, Mallotus venkatachalai Cleistanthus suraikholaensis n. sp. Prasad and Awasthi 1996 spurge Bridelia mioretusa Prasad and Pandey 2008 spurge Bridelia siwalica Prasad and Pandey 2008 spurge Breynia prerhamnoides Awasthi and Prasad 1990 spurge Phyllanthus palaeoreticulatus Prasad and Awasthi 1996 spurge Excoecaria palaeocrenulata Awasthi and Prasad 1990 spurge Mallotus kalimpongensis Antal and Awasthi 1993 spurge Mallotus venkatachalai Prasad 1994 spurge
Malpighiales - Malpighiaceae	Stigmaphyllon chorkholaensis Stigmaphyllon chorkholaensis Prasad and Pandey 2008 amazonvine
Malpighiales - Clusiaceae	Calophyllum suraikholaensis n. sp., Garcinia corvinusiana, Mesua tertiara Calophyllum suraikholaensis n. sp. Awasthi and Prasad 1990 Garcinia corvinusiana Prasad and Pandey 2008 mangosteen Mesua tertiara Lakhanpal 1964
Malpighiales - Ctenolophonaceae	Ctenolophon chorkholaensis Ctenolophon chorkholaensis Prasad and Pandey 2008
Oxalidales - Connaraceae	Rourea palaeorugosa Rourea palaeorugosa Prasad and Pandey 2008
Cucurbitales - Anisophylleaceae	Anisophyllea siwalica Anisophyllea siwalica Prasad and Awasthi 1996
Fabales - Fabaceae	Cynometra palaeoiripa, Pongamia kailakholaensis, Pterocarpus dalbergiocarpoides, Bauhinia nepalensis, Mucuna miogigantea, Entada palaeoscandens, Koompassia suraikholaensis n. sp., Millettia koilabasensis, Millettia palaeocubithii, Millettia palaeoracemosa, Millettia churiensis, Albizia microfolia, Albizia siwalica Cynometra palaeoiripa Prasad et al. 2004 legume Pongamia kailakholaensis Prasad and Awasthi 1996 legume Pterocarpus dalbergiocarpoides Prasad and Awasthi 1996 legume Bauhinia nepalensis Awasthi and Prasad 1990 legume Mucuna miogigantea Prasad and Pandey 2008 legume Entada palaeoscandens Antal and Awasthi 1993 legume Koompassia suraikholaensis n. sp. Prasad and Awasthi 1996 legume Millettia koilabasensis Prasad 1990 legume Millettia palaeocubithii Awasthi and Prasad 1990 legume Millettia palaeoracemosa Awasthi and Prasad 1990 legume Millettia churiensis Prasad and Awasthi 1996 legume Albizia microfolia Prasad and Awasthi 1996 legume Albizia siwalica Prasad 1994 legume
Sapindales - Sapindaceae	Euphorea siwalica, Xerospermum mioglabratum, Harpullia siwalica Euphorea siwalica Prasad 1994 soapberry Xerospermum mioglabratum Prasad and Pandey 2008 soapberry Harpullia siwalica Prasad and Awasthi 1996 tulipwood
Sapindales - Rutaceae	Murraya khariensis, Zanthoxylum siwalicum Murraya khariensis Lakhanpal and Guleria 1982 citrus Zanthoxylum siwalicum Prasad and Awasthi 1996 prickly ash
Sapindales - Anacardiaceae	Gluta siwalica, Swintonia miocenica, Swintonia palaeoschwenckii, Bouea koilabasensis, Mangifera suraikholaensis n. sp., Mangifera someshwarica Gluta siwalica Awasthi and Prasad 1990 cashew Swintonia miocenica Awasthi and Prasad 1990 cashew Swintonia palaeoschwenckii Prasad and Awasthi 1996 cashew Bouea koilabasensis Prasad 1994 cashew Mangifera suraikholaensis n. sp. Prasad and Pandey 2008 mango Mangifera someshwarica Lakhanpal and Awasthi 1984 mango
Sapindales - Meliaceae	Chukrasia miocenica, Toona siwalica, Dysoxylum raptiensis, Chisocheton suraikholaensis n. sp. Chukrasia miocenica Prasad 1994 mahogany Toona siwalica Awasthi and Lakhanpal 1990 mahogany Dysoxylum raptiensis Prasad and Awasthi 1996 mahogany Chisocheton suraikholaensis n. sp. Prasad and Pandey 2008 mahogany
Malvales - Dipterocarpaceae	Vatica nepalensis, Dipterocarpus suraikholaensis n. sp., Dipterocarpus siwalicus, Shorea palaeostellata Vatica nepalensis Prasad and Pandey 2008 Dipterocarpus suraikholaensis n. sp. Prasad and Pandey 2008 Dipterocarpus siwalicus Lakhanpal and Guleria 1987 Shorea palaeostellata Prasad and Pandey 2008
Malvales - Malvaceae	Sterculia premontana, Sterculia mioensifolia Sterculia premontana Prasad and Pandey 2006 tropical chestnut Sterculia mioensifolia Prasad and Pandey 2008 tropical chestnut
Magnoliales - Annonaceae	Polyalthia palaeosiamiarum, Goniothalamus chorkholaensis, Mitrephora siwalika Polyalthia palaeosiamiarum Awasthi and Prasad 1990 custard apple Goniothalamus chorkholaensis Prasad and Awasthi 1996 custard apple Mitrephora siwalika Antal and Awasthi 1993 custard apple
Magnoliales - Myristicaceae	Myristica palaeoglomerata Myristica palaeoglomerata Awasthi and Prasad 1990 magnoliids
Reptilia
Testudines - Trionychidae	Trionychidae indet., cf. Lissemys indet. Trionychidae indet. Gray 1825 softshell turtle NHM/TU 1989 (bone fragment) cf. Lissemys indet. Smith 1931 softshell turtle NHM/TU 1989/37 (left epiplastron)
Testudines - Emydidae	"Bataguridae indet." = Batagurinae, Omegachelys sahnii "Bataguridae indet." = Batagurinae Gray 1870 turtle NHM/TU 1989/40 (pleural); NHM/TU 1989 (pleural); NHM/TU 1989/ (nuchal) Omegachelys sahnii Srivastava and Schleich 2018 turtle TU/NHM 1989/36 (partial carapace)
Testudines - Testudinidae	Testudinidae indet. Testudinidae indet. Batsch 1788 turtle NHM/TU 1989/C (peripheral fragment); NHM/TU 1989/D (distal part of first pleural)